cheyenne dog soldier headdress

For others, the Dog Warriors were heroes defending a people in peril. Read our Cookie Policy. It effectively became a separate band, occupying territory between the Northern and Southern Cheyenne. [2][17], A strong band numbering perhaps 100 lodges, the Dog Soldiers were hostile to the encroaching whites. Apply or renew license. Cheyenne Dog Soldier Headdress | Headress Dog Soldier | The Fight for Freedome | Pinterest Native American Headdress Native American Warrior Native American Beauty Native American Photos Native American Crafts Native American Artists American Spirit Native American History Native American Indians More information . The buffalo-horn headdress was also worn, but only by distinguished warriors. He forced Around to finish off Little Creek.[5][6]. Wolf reformed the Bowstring Society, which had been nearly annihilated in the fight with the Kiowa. [11], When the Cheyenne bands camped together, the Dog Soldier band took the position in the camp circle formerly occupied by the Masikota. Dog Soldier Headdress (1 - 6 of 6 results) Price ($) Any price Under $50 $50 to $200 $200 to $250 Over $250 . In the 21st-century, there are reports of the revival of the Dog Soldiers society in such areas as the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation in Montana and among the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes in Oklahoma. Governing as a whole was in the hands of a Council of Forty-four chiefs who were elected every ten years. Porcupine Bear, a Dog Soldier, killed a man at an otherwise peaceful gathering in 1839. One modern recreation, worn by Jesse Lee of the Northern Cheyenne tribe, contains feathers from bald eagles, golden eagles, hawks, and vultures. They wore extremely stylized body paint that was either all White or Black. To what end should they restrict themselves for people who had massacred them only a few years ago? Etsy is powered by 100% renewable electricity. Porcupine Bear joined in the drinking. As battles with US forces increased, some Dog Soldiers started wearing eagle feathers in a large, imposing arrangement. Nor was he supposed to eat food that had been prepared with metal. Cookies and similar technologies are used to improve your experience, to do things like: Without these technologies, things like personalized recommendations, your account preferences, or localisation may not work correctly. We've sent you an email to confirm your subscription. Sweet Medicine separated Cheyennes civil and military governments. Consistently earned 5-star reviews, shipped orders on time, and replied quickly to messages, Looks like you already have an account! Dog Soldier Headdress Description: Dog Soldier Feather Society headdress with brain tanned buffalo cap, blue and white beaded brow band, Crow feathers tipped with ermine drops, eight personal feathers removed and later restored. It was in this ''dogged'' determination that they earned their name. [14] The trend of musicians and festival-goers wearing warbonnets, in particular, has led to criticism by Native Americans, apologies by non-Natives, and the banning of the sale or wearing of them as costumes by several music festivals. Historically, the warrior who was the first to touch an enemy in battle and escape unscathed received an eagle feather. After this break, when a Dog Soldier married, he would bring his wife back to the society camp. Oct 12, 2019 - Explore Remadru BV's board "dog soldier", followed by 352 people on Pinterest. Members of the Dog Warrior Society represented a hard-line stance against the westward expansion of non-Natives into their territories. In order to give you the best experience, we use cookies and similar technologies for performance, analytics, personalization, advertising, and to help our site function. Captcha failed to load. Historians and anthropologists still puzzle over how much of Sweet Medicines story is historical fact, or simply mythology. The Dog Soldiers and the Masikota, who by that time operated as a band, were not at Sand Creek during the massacre.[15]. Porcupine Bear, a Dog Soldier, killed a man at an otherwise peaceful gathering in 1839.   Italy   |   English (US)   |   (EUR), remembering account, browser, and regional preferences, remembering privacy and security settings, personalized search, content, and recommendations, helping sellers understand their audience, showing relevant, targeted ads on and off Etsy, remember your login, general, and regional preferences, personalize content, search, recommendations, and offers. For other uses, see. Today, the Northern and Southern Cheyenne still have military societies, including the Dog Soldiers, which has seen a revival. In 1868, he led warriors into the lands north of the Arkansas River to hunt in defiance of the treaty. Traditionally, Cheyenne tribal governance is helmed by two groups: the Council of Forty-four and a group of military societies. This defeat took the wind out of the Dog Soldiers. Want to know more? The prophet asserted he knew all about it. The Dog Soldiers or Dog Men (Cheyenne Hotamtaneo'o) was one of six military societies of the Cheyenne Indians. He sat and sang Dog Soldier war songs. The Council of Forty-four consisted of elder chiefs who managed the day-to-day governance of the Cheyenne. Try using a different browser or disabling ad blockers. Copyright 2013 Stronghold Nation. Dog Soldiers, along with other members of military societies, also managed tribal hunts and sacred ceremonies. Because of his lower status and the fact he was not a medicine man, he was maligned by the rest of the tribe. They resisted attempts to sign treaties with the US government and others, arguing that it would lead only to betrayal. Corral, but Virgil Earp, In the last half of the 1800s, the bustling port town of San Francisco, which grew out of, If you are a fan of the Paramount+ series Yellowstone (and who isnt? State Pennant (5.3k) $77.00 The Dog Soldiers of the Cheyenne were tremendous warriors. There was a problem subscribing you to this newsletter. The breastplate he's wearing is a shield from the front of a cavalry saddle and the red of the shield on his back represents the earth. Report Last Updated on: April 29, 2023 with Cheyenne Dog Soldier - James Bama - $150 (SAVANNAH) In many tribes, including the Cheyenne, war bonnets were granted to warriors who had proven themselves in battle. Yes! used cars naples, fl under $3,000. The tribes took casualties, including Roman Nose, who while not a Dog Soldier himself, nevertheless led them into battle. Dog Soldiers also wore one of the most striking and renown of all the garb of the Old West upright feathered war bonnets. Over time the Dog Soldiers took a prominent leadership role in the wars against the whites. Bother were seen as ''spiritual colors''. In fact, the Sand Creek Massacre could be said to be the beginning of the wars of the Great Plains. Cheyenne headdress, Pure White Indian Headdress Replica Turkey Feathers headpiece, indian headdresses, indian Hat headgear 4.5 out of 5 stars (212) This created a very small area of movement for the Warrior. All feathers are hand painted (domestic turkey) golden eagle tail imitations . Porcupine Bear joined in the drinking. [5][13][15][16][17][18], To explain Native peoples' discomfort with non-Indians wearing headdresses, for example, it is necessary to go back to the indigenous perspective and evaluate what the headdress means specifically to the various tribes, Crow and Lakota to name two, that make and use them. (15% off), Sale Price 21.70 For many, they are symbols of cultural pride and great achievement. The warriors became a significant counter influence to the leadership of the traditional Council of Forty-Four chiefs, who as generally more mature men, were likely to favor working for peace with the whites.[15]. [12] During the mid-1860s, Dog Soldier leaders, including Tall Bull and White Horse, frequently called on the great warrior Roman Nose, a Crooked Lance society member, to lead Dog Soldier strikes against white civilian and military assets. Little Man was only saved when another high-ranking warrior pulled up the rope and ritualistically drove him back with a whip. This made them more cohesive and certainly they grew more powerful in comparison to the other military societies of the Cheyenne. This is a criminal offence. The headdress depicted in this sculpture has about 400 of the two center tail feathers of a magpie, some with ermine attached to the end, 20 split owl feathers, and 4 eagle feathers. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. You've already signed up for some newsletters, but you haven't confirmed your address. These aren't some amateur scribblings, either. [6][7] The Dog Soldiers were disgraced by Porcupine Bear's act. He carried it to the various Cheyenne and Arapaho camps to drum up support for revenge against the Kiowa. "Feathered bonnet" redirects here. He's wearing copper armbands and Southern . The Cheyenne, who've ranged from Montana to Oklahoma to Colorado, to name a few places, merged into one tribe in the early 19th century, under mounting pressure from the United States military and a growing tide of settlers. He reached a Northern Cheyenne camp along the South Platte River just after it had traded for liquor from American Fur Company at Fort Laramie. This is a by-law offence. [13] Prominent or ambitious warriors from other bands also gradually joined the Dog Soldier band. Cheyenne Patch - Horse, Headdress Badge 3-7/8" (Iron on) $4.50. A strong band numbering perhaps 100 lodges, the Dog Soldiers were hostile to the encroaching whites. You've already signed up for some newsletters, but you haven't confirmed your address. [19], This article is about the Cheyenne warrior society. This separatist movement was led by Porcupine Bear, who was in effect exiled from the Cheyenne over a violent incident which alienated all of the Dog Soldiers. In Dog Soldiers, Bear Men, and Buffalo Women, Thomas E. Mails dives deeper into the subject. Please. The Third Colorado Cavalry caused heavy casualties among the Wutapai (Black Kettle's band); and killed perhaps half of the Hevhaitaniu under Yellow Wolf and Big Man, and half the Oivimana under War Bonnet. The story of his death as narrated to me by the late George Bent of Colony, Oklahoma, has elements of tragic interest. Few in number, they overcame or held in check most of the peoples who opposed them, and when the westward movement of European civilization began, they made more trouble than all the rest combined. The Third Colorado Cavalry caused heavy casualties among the Wutapai (Black Kettle's band); and killed perhaps half of the Hevhaitaniu under Yellow Wolf and Big Man, and half the Oivimana under War Bonnet. Dog Soldier Headdress The loose-feather bonnet was a part of the regalia of several Dog Men societies. Today, members of Cheyenne bands have sparked a revival in the Dog Warrior tradition. Their demand was denied, although they were allowed to look at the artifact. Etsy uses cookies and similar technologies to give you a better experience, enabling things like: Detailed information can be found in Etsys Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy and our Privacy Policy. Many now joined the Dog Soldiers, including the prominent warrior Roman Nose as well as many Arapaho. In the 19th century, many factions of the Dog Soldiers weren't even accountable to the Council of Forty-four. A society's member who committed such a crime was expelled and outlawed. 6"T Miniature Native American Indian Dog Soldier Figurine Resin Wood Mounted Brave Warrior Statuette Headdress Office Desk Paperweight Gift 5 out of 5 stars (414) . They are a deeply valuable record of a culture and history that has undergone dramatic change in the intervening generations. In the spring of 1867 they returned north with the intention of joining Red Cloud and his Oglala band in Powder River. Cheyenne Dog Soldier - First Look. With smaller, bright-red plumage from other birds, these made a dramatic impact on the battlefield. Affiliated with the Northern Cheyenne tribe, Lee is among about Warrensburg - A distinguished figure in his feathered headdress and regalia, Jesse Lee, Knob Noster, is ready to dance Saturday. After raiding sites in Kansas, they were attacked by a force composed of Pawnee Scouts led by Major Frank North, and United States cavalry, who killed 23 of an estimated 450 Cheyenne warriors (5%), including Tall Bull, in the Battle of Summit Springs in June 1869. In the late 1860s, the Dog Soldiers were crucial in Cheyenne resistance to the expansion into their territory. 09-01-2011, 05:37 PM. The Cheyenne began to intermarry with the Lakota in that territory. Dog Soldiers were noted as both highly aggressive and effective combatants. While there, they learned that the museum also had the remains of thousands of Native Americans. Eventually, Chief Tall Bull led them west into Colorado. Dog Soldiers were the bravest of the brave, and that meant their war bonnets could be especially elaborate. I've always wanted to try and do a carving with a Dog Soldier headdress so here is the head roughout I did this afternoon while waiting for the paint to dry on the Road Agent. These were set so they all pointed upward but were also jumbled in different directions. The Dog Soldier headdress is made from hundreds of specially . Burnaby has a limit of 3 dogs per household. Over time, the Dog Soldiers took a prominent leadership role in the wars against the whites. Related read: 10 Facts You May Not Know About Quanah Parker, the Last Chief of the Comanche. The dogs follow him, and when everyone stops to rest, a lodge suddenly appears around them. Turning off the personalized advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalization technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. This type of data sharing may be considered a sale of information under California privacy laws. Dog Soldiers refused to sign treaties that limited their hunting grounds and restricted them to a reservation south of the Arkansas River. To enable personalized advertising (like interest-based ads), we may share your data with our marketing and advertising partners using cookies and other technologies. Perhaps of The The US Army's most vaunted Native American Warrior Enemies, was not The Sioux or Apache but The Cheyenne. Additionally, The ''Dog Soldiers'' wore a stylized all feather headdress. The warriors became a significant counter-influence to the leadership of the traditional Council of Forty-Four chiefs, who were likely to favor working for peace with the whites.[16]. (15% off), Keep collections to yourself or inspire other shoppers! The idea was that, during battle, someone carrying the dog rope would pin one end to the ground and fix the other end to themselves. According to Cheyenne Memories, the Dog Men, or what was also called the Dog Soldiers, appeared after Sweet Medicine had already established the first four. For the locomotive livery, see, "ReMatriate was started earlier this year by women from the Yukon and northern B.C. However, their militancy and the fact that they led raids into American settlements caused some of the Cheyenne to view the Dog Soldiers as outlaws. A modern Dog Soldier headdress at a pow wow. The depressed man then prayed and sang sacred songs. The dogs transform into warriors and teach the man their sacred songs and dances, just right for a new military society. In the spring of 1867 they returned north with the intention of joining Red Cloud and his Oglala band in Powder River. That would be the famous Dog Soldiers. You can change your preferences any time in your Privacy Settings. 41.39, 48.68 According to traditional lore, the Dog Soldier was the last line of defense and wore a special sash into battle that he would "pin" to the gro . Sure, few, if any, of the creators here were trained in an art school, but what does that matter? His troops rampaged into a peaceful Cheyenne village on the edge of reservation land, killing approximately 150 men, women, and children. Want to know more? Little Creek got on top of Around and held up a knife, ready to stab Around; at that point, Porcupine Bear, aroused by Around's calls for help, tore the knife away from Little Creek, and stabbed him with it several times. The "horned" bonnet can consist of a buckskin skull cap, shaved bison or cow horns, and dyed horsehair with bunches of owl feathers beneath the skull cap. George Bent, himself a Cheyenne and Dog Soldier, recounts one of these more troubling episodes in his memoirs. The battle kept turning against the Dog Soldiers, however, and they were forced to continue their retreat. These conflicts ultimately ended in tragedy. Legend holds that this military society was founded when an unaccomplished warrior, who had evidently been selected by Sweet Medicine, insisted that he could start his own military society. Among the Lakota and Gros-Ventre, a large headpiece made of owl feathers was worn by chiefs and high ranked officers. In fact, even in Minnesota other tribes looked at them as foreigners. [12][15][16] They were allies of the Sioux-speaking Lakota and Brul Lakota, who also frequented that area. A modern Dog Soldier headdress at a pow wow. [17] By the 1860s, as conflict between Indigenous people and whites intensified, the militaristic Dog Soldiers increased their influence, together with that of the warrior societies of other Cheyenne bands. Subject: dog soldier Culture: Cheyenne Setting: Plains Wars, Great Plains 19thc Object: headdress * Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology > Wiyohpiyata - Lakota Images of the Contested West " NORTHERN CHEYENNE EAGLE TAIL FEATHER BONNET WITH TRAILER ca. Cookies and similar technologies are used to improve your experience, to do things like: Without these technologies, things like personalized recommendations, your account preferences, or localisation may not work correctly. OldWest.org strives to use accurate sources and references in its research, and to include materials from multiple viewpoints and angles when possible. Either way, the truth of their history is bound to surprise you. For some, they were frightening figures, conducting raids and tearing up peace treaties left and right. He led an attack on Fort Wallace in June 1867. One of the most interesting warrior society from their forming in the early 19 century. Not only was it humiliating, but shaming a miscreant in the middle of camp served to reinforce a community's structure. The Cheyenne people are synonymous with the Great Plains, but to the uninitiated, it may come as some surprise that they originally lived in Minnesota in the 16th century. A Dog Soldier could only be saved from this situation by someone else. They also killed many among the Hisiometanio (Ridge Men) under White Antelope. Wolf reformed the Bowstring Society, which had been nearly annihilated in the fight with the Kiowa. Prior to the peace council held at Bent's Fort in 1840, the Algonquian-speaking Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho were allied against their traditional enemies, the Comanche, Kiowa, and Plains Apache, who belonged to different language families and cultures. After the deaths of nearly half the Southern Cheyenne in the cholera epidemic of 1849, many of the remaining Masikota band joined the Dog Soldiers. The Dog Soldiers remained at the periphery of Cheyenne politics until November 29, 1864. All rights reserved. To this day, modern dancers at the various inter-tribal dances or Pow-wows still can be seen wearing the massive Dog dancer headdress. Some of the technologies we use are necessary for critical functions like security and site integrity, account authentication, security and privacy preferences, internal site usage and maintenance data, and to make the site work correctly for browsing and transactions. Here are seven facts about the Cheyenne Dog Soldiers you may not know. Signed by the artist. It took over leading warfare against the Kiowa. The Sand Creek Massacre proved to many that the Dog Soldiers had been right all along. Original Price 71.87 [7], Plains Indians use eagle feathers as the most significant part of the headdress to represent honor and respect. His death was devastating to the cause of the Dog Soldiers and the Cheyenne people. "Eagle Permits - Native American Feather Permit", "This means war: why the fashion headdress must be stopped", "Ricky Martin Accused of Cultural AppropriationAfter Posting Headdress Photo", "Coachella Attendee Apologizes for Culturally Appropriating a Native American Headdress", "HERE'S WHY YOU SHOULDN'T WEAR A NATIVE AMERICAN HEADDRESS", "Northern-sparked 'ReMatriate' campaign takes on cultural appropriation", "Pharrell Apologizes for Wearing Headdress on Magazine Cover", "No More War Bonnets at Glastonbury Music Festival", "Why Native Headdresses No Longer Belong at Music Festivals", "Osheaga Issues Ban on Headdresses as Fashion Accessories", "Owning Red: A Theory of Indian (Cultural) Appropriation", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_bonnet&oldid=1149953853, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 15 April 2023, at 13:21. Perhaps the greatest untold truth of the Cheyenne Dog Soldiers today is that they were never really defeated. This can be done three times before the feathers do not grow back. Typically, non-Native Americans have often misunderstood bonnets, thinking that they signified leadership positions. They eventually became a separatist resistance group in the 1830s, conducting raids and attacks without the consent of leaders and some tribespeople. They also raided settlements along the way. Some Plains-style bonnet forms are the "horned" bonnet, "flaring" eagle feather bonnet, and the "fluttering feather" bonnet. [4][5] Consequently, in cases where non-Native political leaders have been symbolically allowed to wear the headdress, this has caused controversy. 5 out of 5 stars (25) $ 285.00. Original Price from 101.72 To be fair, he was actually a member of the Elk Warrior Society, but that doesn't mean Roman Nose, who was also called Hook Nose or Woquini, didn't work with the Dog Warriors. [8], Native American cultural representatives and activists have expressed offense at what they deem the cultural appropriation of wearing and displaying of such headdresses, and other "indigenous traditional arts and sacred objects" by those who have not earned them, especially by non-Natives as fashion or costume. This would lead to fierce warfare for decades. To the Cheyenne, this was proof that the Dog Soldiers had been right all along. Beginning in the late 1830s, this society evolved into a separate, militaristic band that played a dominant role in Cheyenne resistance to the westward expansion of the United States in the area of present-day Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming, where the Cheyenne had settled in the early nineteenth century.[1]. They withstood several attacks from the tribes, while sustaining seven killed and eighteen wounded. One tradition recalls that in battle, they would "pin" themselves to a "chosen" piece of ground, through an unusually long breech-clout "rear-apron", by use of one of three "Sacred Arrows" that . When going to war, four chosen Dog Soldiers carried dog ropes or sashes. On September 7, 1868, a large party of Plains tribesmen, likely numbering several hundred, led them against a contingent of fifty scouts on a sandbar in the Arikaree River in Colorado. The fierce Elite Warriors of the Cheyenne Indians. The Dog Soldiers or Dog Men (Cheyenne: Hotamtaneo'o) are historically one of six Cheyenne military societies. Turning off the personalized advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalization technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. [1] While chiefs were responsible for overall governance of individual bands and the tribe as a whole, the headmen of warrior societies maintained discipline within the tribe, oversaw tribal hunts and ceremonies, and provided military leadership.[1]. The famous Cheyenne chief Roman Nose wore a unique headdress with a browband from which issued a single buffalo horn. Historically, headdresses were usually reserved exclusively for the tribe's chosen political and spiritual leaders. 2008. When Roman Nose died at the Battle of Beecher Island in 1868, some believed it was because he had violated a spiritual contract. . Public collections can be seen by the public, including other shoppers, and may show up in recommendations and other places. The Dog Soldiers band took as its territory the headwaters country of the Republican and Smoky Hill rivers in southern Nebraska, northern Kansas, and the northeast of Colorado Territory. There was a problem subscribing you to this newsletter. Cookies and similar technologies are used to improve your experience, to do things like: Without these technologies, things like personalized recommendations, your account preferences, or localisation may not work correctly. Early on, the tips of these feathers also featured plumage from smaller birds, until it was replaced in its final form by red down. [7][8] The Dog Soldiers were disgraced by Porcupine Bear's act. He and his warriors were reportedly the first to strike the enemy, considered an honor,[8][10] but due to their status as outlaws, their feat was not celebrated. The young man stays in his spot in the middle of camp, praying and singing. The Iroquois of the Northeast wore a headdress of copious layered feathers, with one golden eagle feather standing upright atop their head that rotated in a bone socket! [8][9] Although outlawed by the main body of the Cheyenne, Porcupine Bear led the Dog Soldiers into battle against the Kiowa and Comanche at Wolf Creek. Its members often opposed policies of peace chiefs such as Black Kettle. After nearly half the Southern Cheyenne died in the cholera epidemic of 1849, many of the remaining Masikota band joined the Dog Soldiers. However many of The Military Tribes joined The Sioux for the last final thrust of Native American power. More information [12] Losses in the Sand Creek Massacre of 1864 further disrupted the traditional Cheyenne kinship system. This change was dramatic. Afton, J., Halaas, D. F., Masich, A. E., & Ellis, R. N. (1997). In doing so, however, Porcupine Bear succeeded in transforming the Dog Soldiers from just a military society to its own camp, a separate group apart from the Cheyenne. In the middle of the bonnet, running down to the back, were black and white eagle feathers. A society member who committed such a crime was expelled and outlawed. To enable personalized advertising (like interest-based ads), we may share your data with our marketing and advertising partners using cookies and other technologies. Yes! [6], One traditional method of acquiring feathers for war bonnets is to pluck the maturest tail feathers of young eagles while still in the nest. You can change your preferences any time in your Privacy Settings. Military societies, according to Cliff Eaglefeathers, maintained discipline within the tribe and provided military leadership. We've sent you an email to confirm your subscription. These are more than simple hats or fodder for insensitive music festival headgear. The surviving Cheyenne societies became much smaller and more secretive in their operations. All rights, including images, downloads and articles are reserved. [11] Losses in the Sand Creek Massacre of 1864 further disrupted the traditional Cheyenne kinship system. Keep in mind that anyone can view public collectionsthey may also appear in recommendations and other places. The other chiefs forbade them from leading war against the Kiowa. After raiding sites in Kansas, they were attacked by a force composed of Pawnee Scouts led by Major Frank North, and United States cavalry, who killed nearly all the band, including Tall Bull, in the Battle of Summit Springs in June 1869. But Why Cant I Wear a Hipster Headdress? Public collections can be seen by the public, including other shoppers, and may show up in recommendations and other places. Learn more. He died of pneumonia on May 28, 1916 while traveling to his homeland, the hills of South Dakota. Online dog licence registration and renewal. It effectively became a separate band, occupying territory between the Northern and Southern Cheyenne. An unusual form of bonnet is the "fluttering feather" bonnet, with the feathers loosely attached to a felt or buckskin cap, hanging at the sides. He was thus only able to defend a few feet to his left or right flanks and front. Large Tribal enclaves of Cheyenne were killed or re-patriated back into Reservation Life. Obviously, early on the Dog Soldiers did not speak for all the Cheyenne. $13.25 shipping. Eventually, Chief Tall Bull led them west into Colorado. Some people may have believed that the traditions of the Dog Soldiers and other military societies were gone entirely, swept under a wave of expansionist policies and cultural imperialism. The twenty-first century has seen a revival of the Dog Soldiers society in such areas as the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation in Montana and among the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes in Oklahoma.
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