growth of mumbai in 19th and 20th century

Bombay's ethnic soup. The British colonialism in India lasted for about 190 years, beginning in 1757 and ended with India's independence in 1947. Modern Asian Studies promotes an understanding of contemporary Asia and its rich inheritance. [67] In July 1832, the Parsi riots took place in consequence of a Government order for the destruction of pariah dogs which infested the city. each given over to one person, and a common toilet. In 1950 the population of Mumbai was around 3 million. [190] On 13 March 2003, a bomb exploded in a train compartment, as the train was entering the Mulund station in Mumbai. [147] Bombay was the main centre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha movement started by Mahatma Gandhi from February April 1919. Following this, many artisans and construction workers from Andhra Pradesh migrated to Bombay and settled into the flats which were constructed by the Hornby Vellard. "Jobbers and the emergence of trade unions in Bombay city. [198] In 2008, the city experienced xenophobic attacks by the activists of the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) under Raj Thackeray on the North Indian migrants in Mumbai. For more information, visit http://journals.cambridge.org. [90] However, the project was rejected by the British East India Company in 1783. October, 1884 Protocols of the Proceedings", "The New Annual Register, Or General Repository of History, Politics, and Literature, for the Year 1813", "Bombay in the making: Being mainly a history of the origin and growth of judicial institutions in the Western Presidency, 16611726", "Indian Shipping: A Case Study of the Working of Imperialism", "Portuguese Settlements on the Western Coast", "Essays on Indian Antiquities, Historic, Numismatic, and Palographic, of the Late James Prinsep", "Bombay Place-Names and Street-Names:An excursion into the by-ways of the history of Bombay City", Portuguese India History: The Northern Province: Bassein, Bombay-Mumbai, Damao, Chaul, A collection of pages on Mumbai's History, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT), Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), SP Jain Institute of Management and Research, Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE), Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics, V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS), Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago, Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mumbai&oldid=1150987842, Articles with dead external links from August 2021, Articles with dead external links from March 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from February 2023, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2022, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2022, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan. Several social and religious reform movements were started with the notion of social reform and religious revival in the country. first rails were laid for a 21 mile stretch between Thane and Bombay. [176] In August 1979, a sister township of Navi Mumbai was founded by City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) across Thane and Raigad districts of Maharashtra to help the dispersal and control of Mumbai's population. important commercial area. Early Labor Unions. India reverted to the British Crown. The three maps show the global history of life expectancy over the last two centuries. [59] The growing power of the Dutch by the middle of the seventeenth century forced the Surat Council of the British Empire to acquire Bombay from King John IV of Portugal in 1659. [92] Although Salsette was under the British, but the introduction of contraband goods from Salsette to other parts of Bombay was prevented. However, the Samyukta Maharashtra movement opposed this, and insisted that Bombay native of Marathi be declared the capital of Maharashtra. other things, set out the possibility of demolition of encroachments. The black soils of the mainland near Bombay were ideal for growing cotton. Rethinking the Twentieth-Century History of Mumbai - Cambridge Core Later, even this became impossible, and By the mid 19th century, Bombay had developed into one of the most important ports and trading centres in India. 1803. [18] Christianity arrived in the islands during the sixth century, when the Nestorian Church made its presence in India. In the 19th century ritain imported cotton from India which was transport-ed to Mumbai port by a railway. Industrialization and Urbanization in the United States, 1880-1929 The Cotton Exchange was established in The decay of Mughal power in Delhi, the Mughal-Maratha rivalries, and the instability in Gujarat drove artisans and merchants to the islands for refuge, and Bombay began to grow. The decisive battle During the 19th century, religious superstitions and social . The crown ceded it to the East India Company in 1668. [80] The arrival of many Indian and British merchants led to the development of Bombay's trade by the end of the seventeenth century. The growth of Mumbai is remarkable in the sense that it was a set of seven small islands inhabited by traditional fisherman mostly. Castella de Aguada (Fort of the Waterpoint) was built by the Portuguese at Bandra in 1640 as a watchtower overlooking the Mahim Bay, the Arabian Sea and the southern island of Mahim. [175] Nehru Science Centre, India's largest interactive science centre, was established in 1972 at Worli in Bombay. [105] In 1836, the Chamber of Commerce was established. [66] A customs house was also built. This volcanic activity resulted in the formation of basaltic outcrops, such as the Gilbert Hill, that are seen at various locations in the city. The first institute in Asia to provide Veterinary Education, the Bombay Veterinary College, was established in Parel in Bombay in the year 1886. [16] The Greek merchant Cosmas Indicopleustes visited Kalyan (near Mumbai) during 530550. Growth of Mumbai The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai 's population over the last four centuries: 1661: 10000 inhabitants [1] 1664: 15000 [1] 1673: 60000 [1] (Fryer) 1675: 60000 1718: 16000 [1] (Cobbe) 1744: 70000 [1] (Niebuhr) (large influx of people during the busy season) [95] The history of journalism in Bombay commenced with publication of the Bombay Herald in 1789 and the Bombay Courier in 1790. a bungalow for himself on Malabar Hill. The city's infrastructure was improved considerably with the construction of new highways and bridges, expansion of port facilities, and the inauguration of new public-transit systems. The bomb killed 1 and injured 25. Growth of Mumbai - Wikipedia [32], In 1526, the Portuguese established their factory at Bassein. Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the worlds leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. For more than five decades EPW has remained a unique forum that week after week has brought together academics, researchers, policy makers, independent thinkers, members of non-governmental organisations and political activists for debates straddling economics, politics, sociology, culture, the environment and numerous other disciplines. As a result of Mumbai's 18th- and 19th-century history as a trading, commercial and manufacturing hub, the population of the city had swollen hugely as migrants from swathes of India's countryside arrived to find work. It was part of Ashokas empire in the 3rd century bce, and in the 2nd century ce it was known as Heptanesia to Ptolemy, the ancient Egyptian astronomer and geographer of Greek descent. Mumbai has seen significant growth in its population between 1950 and 2020. [67] On 5 November 1817, the British East India Company under Mountstuart Elphinstone[101] defeated Bajirao II, the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, in the Battle of Kirkee which took place on the Deccan Plateau. [47] The San Miguel (St. Michael Church) in Mahim, one of the oldest churches in Bombay, was built by the Portuguese in 1540. These migrants also played a major role in the political discourse of the city. The "scramble for Africa" started to impact large numbers of Africans in the. 10 people were killed and 70 were injured. [34][35], Ahmad Shah I retaliated by sending his son Jafar Khan to recapture the lost territory. [20] Dantidurga of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty of Karnataka conquered the islands during 749750. Growth of a city - Mumbai or Kolkata or Delhi or Chennai or any other city of India in the 19th and 20th centuries TIPS Trace the growth of the chosen city from 17th century onwards Reasons for its growth and importance New administrative set up like municipalities, railway stations, post offices Change in population pattern Request Permissions, Review by: commemorative tablet in the gardens of the [86] Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia, a member of the Wadia family of shipwrights and naval architects from Surat, built the Bombay Dock in 1750,[87] which was the first dry dock to be commissioned in Asia. 75 people were killed and 350 were injured. [61][62] However, Salsette, Mazagaon, Parel, Worli, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala still remained under Portuguese possession. increase in the number of mills. The founding of the CIT and the new suburbs. The Shiv Sena party was established on 19 June 1966 by Bombay cartoonist Bal Thackeray, out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalization of the native Marathi people in their native state Maharashtra. The islands were joined to the mainland and each other by causeways, and the city's university and major hospitals were founded. [67], In 1838, the islands of Colaba and Little Colaba were connected to Bombay by the Colaba Causeway. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. 2 [37] During 14911494, the islands suffered sea piracies from Bahadur Khan Gilani, a nobleman of the Bahamani Sultanate. Modelled after army 53.00 (ISBN 978--521-76871-9). The purpose of this project was to block the Worli creek and prevent the low-lying areas of Bombay from being flooded at high tide. into rebuilding the core of the town into a grand showpiece. [187], During the 21st century, the city suffered several bombings. 1801 - Siddhivinayak temple built at Prabhadevi. [138] On 9 March 1898, there was a serious riot which started with a sudden outbreak of hostility against the measures adopted by Government for suppression of plague. [57] The first English merchants arrived in Bombay in November 1583, and travelled through Bassein, Thane, and Chaul. War of Independence, in 1857, makes a convenient watershed between these First published in 1949 as the Economic Weekly and since 1966 as the Economic and Political Weekly, EPW, as the journal is popularly known, occupies a special place in the intellectual history of independent India. As new provinces were settled, new cities began to spring up, and by the 1910s half of all Canadians were living urban, rather than rural lives for the first time. Montstuart Elphinstone This began the process of wealthy in this century. The Municipal Corporation limits were extended up to Jogeshwari along the Western Railway and Bhandup along the Central Railway. [45] The marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Portugal on 8 May 1661 placed Bombay in British possession as a part of Catherine's dowry to Charles. Technological change has played a central role in US economic growth since the 19th century. In the early 21st century Mumbai experienced a number of terrorist attacks. [128] Bombay time was set at 4 hours and 51 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) using the 75th east meridian. Before the War of Independence, India was Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. [citation needed] Later, between the 2nd century BCE and 10th century CE, the islands came under the control of successive indigenous dynasties: the Satavahanas, Abhiras, Vakatakas, Kalachuris, Konkan Mauryas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Silharas& Chollas. [194] On 11 July 2006, a series of seven bomb blasts took place over a period of 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai at Khar, Mahim, Matunga, Jogeshwari, Borivali, and one between Khar and Santa Cruz. Modern Asian Studies Colaba in 1844, establishing this newly opened up section as an After the establishment of the Gujarat Sultanate in 1391, Muzaffar Shah I was appointed viceroy of north Konkan. The Treaty of Bassein (1534) between the Portuguese viceroy Nuno da Cunha and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534. Most often, the mill workers were men whose families stayed back in agreement with the East India Company. [201] The city again saw a series of three coordinated bomb explosions at different locations on 13 July 2011 between 18:54 and 19:06 IST. the residents moving out of the central fort area. But, with the end of the Civil War, cotton prices crashed and the bubble burst. [49] Salsette was granted for three years to Joo Rodrigues Dantas, Cosme Corres, and Manuel Corres. The city was ruled in the 6th8th century by the Chalukyas, who left their mark on Elephanta Island (Gharapuri). The labour force was constituted mainly [42] During 152829, Lopo Vaz de Sampaio seized the fort of Mahim from the Gujarat Sultanate, when the King was at war with Nizam-ul-mulk, the emperor of Chaul, a town south of the islands. The old wall The line was inaugurated on April 6, 1853. Its expanded book review section offers detailed and in-depth analysis of recent literature. In November 1664, Shipman's successor Humphrey Cooke agreed to accept Bombay without its dependencies. [145] The Bombay Chronicle started by Pherozeshah Mehta, the leader of the Indian National Congress, in 1910, played an important role in the national movement until India's Independence. Overcrowding, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, and widespread poverty, however, remained major ongoing problems. It is 25.4% less than in comparison to the 1965 to 1992, but the total. By Rajnarayan Chandavarkar. and also in terms of the nationality of the authors. important part of the city's industry. The riot led to a strike of dock and railway workers which paralysed the city for a few days. The 1920 Census revealed that more Americans lived in cities than the countryside for the first time. the Colaba Causeway in [67], The educational and economic progress of the city began with the Company's military successes in the Deccan. Jafar emerged victorious in the battle fought with Ahmad Shah I Wali. [203][204] The city's Wankhede Stadium was the venue for 2011 Cricket World Cup final, where India emerged as a champion for the second time after the 1983 Cricket World Cup. Labor Movement - History [88] In 1769, Fort George was built on the site of the Dongri Fort[89] and in 1770, the Mazagaon docks were built. The result is his book Auckland: The Twentieth-Century . The social and religious reform movements of the 19th century that took place in India, had a lasting significance into the centuries that followed. The blast occurred a day after the tenth anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings. By the mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western part of Europe and America's northeastern region. [26] He belonged to either the Yadava dynasty of Devagiri in Maharashtra or the Anahilavada dynasty of Gujarat. In the postwar years the development of residential quarters in suburban areas was begun, and the administration of Bombay city through a municipal corporation was extended to the suburbs of Greater Bombay. Each of the studies reviewed here devotes considerable attention to developments since the 1920s. [181] A series of 13 co-ordinated bomb explosions took place in Bombay on 12 March 1993, which resulted in 257 deaths and 700 injuries. [13] The islands were known as Heptanesia (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in 150CE. The Battle of Swally was fought between the British and the Portuguese at Surat in 1612 for the possession of Bombay. The tragedy was to have a positive [165] The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay was established in 1958 at Powai, a northern suburb of Bombay. [123] The Bombay Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in Asia, was established in 1875. [55] By 1710, the construction of Bombay Castle was finished, which fortified the islands from sea attacks by European pirates and the Marathas. The city was a centre of maritime trade with Persia and Egypt in 1000 bce. [54] During this time, Bombay's main trade was coconuts and coir. The Abhiras ruled for 167 years, till around 417 CE. [2] After India's independence in 1947, the territory of Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. Victorian Gothic Imperialism Flashcards | Quizlet During the last half of the late 19th century, Chicago proved to be the fastest growing city in the world. [166] Following protests by the Samyukta Maharashtra movement in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra State was formed with Bombay as its capital on 1 May 1960. By the second decade of the century the population of Greater Mumbai was approaching 20 million. Climate change: Rising sea, submerging islands and new conflicts [149] In 1926, the Back Bay scandal occurred, when the Bombay Development Department under the British reclaimed the Back Bay area in Bombay after the financial crisis incidental to the post-war slump in the city. Under this agreement, the By Mariam Dossal. So the Dabbawala service was set up to bring lunch to these people in their workplace straight from their home. [citation needed], Geologists believe that the coast of western India came into being around 100 to 80mya, after it broke away from Madagascar. PDF Unit 1: Topic 3 hallenges of an Urbanising WorldMumbai, India case study "Workers' politics and the mill districts in Bombay between the wars. [citation needed] During the English East India Company's rule in mid-18th century, it emerged as an important port city, having maritime trade contacts with Mecca, Basra etc. The Remaking of Bombay The last years of the 19th century ended with a textile manufacturing boom, and attracted huge numbers of workers to a city unprepared to give them healthy living quarters. more or less completed by the first half of the century. [143], The Partition of Bengal in 1905 initiated the Swadeshi movement, which led to the boycotting of British goods in India. Mumbai is India's largest industrial, financial and commercial centre. cleaning of streets. [94] In 1784, the Hornby Vellard project was completed and soon reclamations at Worli and Mahalaxmi followed. [103] In the same year, monthly communication was established between Bombay and London. He suggested the [56], The annexation of Portugal by Spain in 1580 opened the way for other European powers to follow the spice routes to India. barracks, each building had three floors. Industrial Revolution: Definition, Inventions & Dates | HISTORY By the second decade of the century the population of Greater Mumbai was approaching 20 million. During the early 15th century, the Bhandaris seized the island of Mahim from the Sultanate and ruled it for eight years. [189] On 27 January 2003, a bomb placed on a bicycle exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai. Collectively these works make a significant contribution to the appreciation of such matters as working-class politics, the changing character of workers' neighbourhoods, land use, urban planning, and the ways the city has been imagined and experienced by its citizens. [112] The Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company was the first cotton mill to be established in the city on 7 July 1854 at Tardeo in Central Bombay. By 1920, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas for the first time in US history. 2014 Cambridge University Press residents were paying taxes to the civil authorities for the upkeep and In southern Africa, the kingdom of Lesotho was exceptional because. 1900 - By this year, 45 trains of Western Railway in each direction . area; it remains so even now. [51], The Portuguese encouraged intermarriage with the local population, and strongly supported the Roman Catholic Church. [139] The significant results of the plague was the creation of the Bombay City Improvement Trust on 9 December 1898[140] and the Haffkine Institute on 10 January 1899 by Waldemar Haffkine. was called a wadi. [67] The Bombay Coast and River Steam Navigation Company was established in 1866 for the maintenance of steam ferries between Bombay and the nearby islands;[67] while the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 revolutionized the marine trade of Bombay. An author who grew up in Mumbai calls his city an "urban catastrophe." Yet, as the population increased, unkempt, overcrowded, and unsanitary conditions became more widespread. governed by By 1000 BCE, the region was heavily involved in seaborne commerce with Egypt and Persia. Since the early 1900s, the city has also the home base of the Bollywood film industry. Economic and Political Weekly The Hornby Vellard [38] After the end of the Bahamani Sultanate, Bahadur Khan Gilani and Mahmud Gavan (14821518) broke out in rebellion at the port of Dabhol and conquered the islands along with the whole of Konkan. Development Of Sports During The 19th Century - EduBirdie [32][39][40] Portuguese explorer Francisco de Almeida's ship sailed into the deep natural harbour of the island in 1508, and he called it Bom baa (Good Bay). The bomb killed 4 people and injured 32. Overall, 15.3 percent of Americans lived in cities in 1850. [41] However, the Portuguese paid their first visit to the islands on 21 January 1509, when they landed at Mahim after capturing a Gujarat barge in the Mahim creek. [154] On 15 October 1932 industrialist and aviator J.R.D. by an Act of the British Parliament. The Asiatic Society. [55] After Antonio Pessoa's death in 1571, a patent was issued which granted Mazagaon in perpetuity to the Sousa e Lima family.
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