cocos plate and north american plate boundary type

This plate makes up most of the Pacific Ocean. Solids and gases are also part of the mix. The Cascadia Subduction Zone has two parallel mountain ranges separated by a low region near sea level. The physical landscape was an important component of the practical and spiritual aspects of Native Americans lives. Transform faults are not limited to oceanic crust and spreading centers; many of them are on continental margins. It was preceded by Pannotia (600 to 540 Ma), by Rodinia (1,100 to 750 Ma), and by others before that. 40 Million Years Ago The series of hot spots that has been identified in the Atlantic Ocean may also have existed for several hundred million years, and thus may have contributed to rifting in roughly the same place on at least two separate occasions (Figure \(\PageIndex{13}\)). National Park Service sites in the Cascades reveal colorful landscapes that result from a varity of volcanic processes. Silica-rich ash melted and coated the hot engine turbines with glass, causing all four of them to shut down. To the north it borders the North American Plate, which encompasses the entire north of the continent. The rising hot water causes overlying rock to melt, generating magma that at times erupts out on the surface as lava flows and other materials forming Mt. The plates are made up of crust and the lithospheric part of the mantle (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)), and even though they are moving all the time, and in different directions, there is never a significant amount of space between them. The subduction of the Nazca plate under southern Chile has a history of producing massive earthquakes, including the largest ever recorded on earth, the moment magnitude 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake. Once youve named most of the plates, draw arrows to show the general plate motions. . Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve is on the Alaska Peninsula. Contents1 What boundary [] This plate includes all of Saudi Arabia, and much of the Levant (up to Iraq and Syria). Volcanic and metamorphic rocks exposed in Kenai Fjords National Park reveal the incredible forces that occur at an ocean/continent subduction zone. Along these boundaries, earthquakes are common and magma (molten rock) rises from the Earths mantle to the surface, solidifying to create new oceanic crust. One of them, Kenai Fjords National Park, lies within the accretionary wedge of uplifting oceanic sedimentary strata and hard crust. The addition of water to the hot mantle lowers the rockss melting point and leads to the formation of magma (flux melting) (Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\)). It includes the central Caribbean countries and runs along the northern edge of South America. St. Helens in 1980. Plate borders the North American Plate, the South American Plate, the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate. Puget Sound and the Willamette Valley are areas near sea level between the coastal and volcanic mountain ranges. the East Pacific Rise has created rift valleys where the Pacific plate is separating from the North American plate, Cocos plate, . This plate is moving north east towards the Caribbean and North America plates. Some of the resulting magma makes it all the way to the surface and forms Mount Rainier, Mount Hood, Mount Shasta and other spectacular volcanoes of the Cascade Range. We know that the JDF Plate is moving toward the North American Plate at around 4 centimeters per year to 5 centimeters per year. The boundary between the Pacific and North American plates in California is a transform plate boundary marked by the San Andreas strike-slip fault. The part of the plate around the South America plate is moving northwards and a little east. When a series of mantle plumes exists beneath a large continent, the resulting rifts may align and lead to the formation of a rift valley (such as the present-day Great Rift Valley in eastern Africa). Modified from Beauty from the Beast: Plate Tectonics and the Landscapes of the Pacific Northwest, by Robert J. Lillie, Wells Creek Publishers, 92 pp., 2015, www.amazon.com/dp/1512211893. North America plate, Australia plate, Antarctic plate, Nazca plate, Filipino plate, Cocos plate, Juan de Fuca plate. The northern boundary of the Cocos Plate is the Middle America Trench. Answers for geologist, scientists, spacecraft operators. Within the past few million years, rifting has taken place in the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, and also within the Gulf of California. This plate is moving north north east towards the Eurasia plate. The Philippine Plate, also known as the Philippine Sea Plate, is a small tectonic plate between the Eurasian Plate and the Pacific Plate. Before we talk about processes at plate boundaries, its important to point out that there are never gaps between plates. Examine the figure below. A variety of earthquakes shake the Pacific Northwest due to plate-tectonic activity. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. What are the three types of convergent plate boundaries? This is why some of the mountain chains formed during the earlier collision can be traced from Europe to North America and from Europe to Africa. National Park Service sites in the Coastal Ranges of Washington, Oregon and northern California contain rugged mountains of rocks that were manufactured in the ocean, then scraped off the plate and lifted out of the sea. The other piece became the Nazca plate.The Cocos plate also broke into two pieces, creating the small Rivera plate. Plate Tectonics and Our National ParksSite Index, Plate TectonicsThe Unifying Theory of Geology, Tectonic Settings of NPS SitesMaster List, ORCAOregon Caves National Monument, Oregon [, SEKIKings Canyon National Park, California[, YOSEYosemite National Park, California[. Modified from Beauty from the Beast: Plate Tectonics and the Landscapes of the Pacific Northwest, by Robert J. Lillie, Wells Creek Publishers, 92 pp., 2015, www.amazon.com/dp/1512211893. It is released when the oceanic crust is heats and then rises and mixes with the overlying mantle. Transform boundaries are places where plates slide sideways past each other. Credit: Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. This highly active convergent plate boundary extends along both sides the Philippine Islands, from Luzon in the north to the Celebes Islands in the south. Three others, Aniakchak National Monument, Katmai National Park, and Lake Clark National Park, are farther inland, along the active volcanic arc. The Cascadia Subduction Zone, extending from northern California through western Oregon and Washington to southern British Columbia, is a type of convergent plate boundary. The initial magma formed as mantle rock melts beneath a subduction zone has low silica (basalt) composition. St. Helens, a lava dome later grew within the breached crater near the mountains summit. As the Juan de Fuca Plate (lower cookie) subducts beneath the North American Plate (upper cookie), the layers are scraped off the ocean floor and pile up as the Coast Range. This plate includes the northeastern part of the Atlantic ocean, all of Europe, all of Russia (except its most eastern part), and down through southeast Asia, including China and Indonesia. There is strong evidence around the margins of the Atlantic Ocean that this process has taken place before. On the western edge of the plate is a continuous subduction zone where the Cocos, Panama, and North Andean Plates are all converging with the Caribbean Plate. Two arms of the triple junction can split to form an entire ocean. As described above in the context of Benioff zones (Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\)), earthquakes take place close to the boundary between the subducting crust and the overriding crust. What type of plate boundaies are found between the Cocos, Nazca, and Pacific plates? Since there are convection currents in the mantle,. Mazama 7,700 years before, the material expelled from its magma chamber did not spew forth out of the top of the volcano. Vents and fractures (also called fissures ) in these mid-ocean ridges allow magma and gases to escape into the ocean. This page titled 10.4: Plate, Plate Motions, and Plate Boundary Processes is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Steven Earle (BCCampus) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. State quarters can be used to demonstrate the current and ancient volcanic landscapes of the Pacific Northwest and California. Left image Most divergent boundaries are located at the oceanic ridges (although some are on land), and the crustal material created at a spreading boundary is always oceanic in character; in other words, it is mafic igneous rock (e.g., basalt or gabbro, rich in ferromagnesian minerals). Examples of ocean-continent convergent boundaries are subduction of the Nazca Plate under South America (which has created the Andes Range) and subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate under North America (creating the mountains Garibaldi, Baker, St. At an ocean-ocean convergent boundary, one of the plates (oceanic crust and lithospheric mantle) is pushed, or subducted, under the other. Tilted layers of thick sandstone (pink) and thin shale (dark) along the coast at Olympic National Park reveal the enormous forces that lifted and deformed the oceanic layers as the Juan de Fuca and North American plates converged. As a result of this collision, the oceanic Cocos plate is subducted below the Caribbean along the Mesoamerican trench plate at speeds ranging from 2 in. What type of plate boundary is North American and Eurasian Plates? Mantle flow in the RiveraCocos subduction zone | Geophysical Journal International | Oxford Academic Summary. The devastating 1985 Mexico City earthquake and the 2017 Chiapas earthquake were results of the subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the North American Plate. Feature labels. Rainier in Washington, Mt. The Guerrero and Oaxaca regions of southern Mexico also experience regular SSEs. When rifting of Pangea started at approximately 200 Ma, the fissuring was along a different line from the line of the earlier collision. Once this happens, the continents will no longer continue to move apart because the spreading at the mid-Atlantic ridge will be taken up by subduction. More than 40 volcanoes have erupted in Alaska since Russians first arrived in the mid 1700s a great many of the volcanoes are in areas that are now National Park Service sites. Hood in Oregon, Mt. Illustrations above modified from Earth: Portrait of a Planet", by S. Marshak, 2001, W. W. Norton & Comp., New York. Figures 10.4.2, 10.4.3, 10.4.5, 10.4.6, 10.4.7, 10.4.8, 10.4.9, 10.4.10, 10.4.11, 10.4.12, 10.4.13, 10.4.14: Steven Earle. It separates the Pacific Plate to the west from (north to south) the North American Plate, the Rivera Plate, the Cocos Plate, the Nazca Plate, and the Antarctic Plate. The San Andreas Fault and Queen Charlotte Fault are transform plate boundaries developing where the Pacific Plate moves northward past the North American Plate. The spectacular pillow lavas seen on the road up Hurricane Ridge indicate that lava formed on the sea floor and was later uplifted. The inset shows these plates to be the Cocos plate and the North American plate. Layers of sand and mud, deposited on the ocean floor and later turned into the sedimentary rocks sandstone and shale, are seen above the pillows. Remove the Washington quarter and you can see what the landscape might look like, in the form of Crater Lake in Crater Lake National Park in Oregon. The northern side is a divergent boundary with the Cocos Plate, the Galapagos Rise. The eruption of Aniakchak Volcano about 3,500 years ago rivals the eruption and collapse of Mt. The park is right above the focus of the Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964, one of the two largest ever recorded (the other, in 1961, occurred along the subduction zone off western South America). An ancient volcano, Mt. This is the zone where the two plates have been locked together since the last great earthquake occurred in the year 1700. A small piece of California, including . On Dec. 15, 1989 a jet with 244 passengers and crew was en route from Amsterdam to Anchorage. Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. It runs from the tip of South America eastwards to form a barrier between the Antarctic plate and the South America plate. Plates move as rigid bodies, so it may seem surprising that the North American Plate can be moving at different rates in different places. Garibaldi to Lassen Peak, coincides with the north-to-south extent of the subducting plate boundary. View the full answer. Storms coming in from the Pacific Ocean drop most of their moisture on the Coast Range and Cascades, leaving eastern Oregon and Washington high and dry. Olympic National Park, Washington That the Atlantic Ocean rift may have occurred in approximately the same place during two separate events several hundred million years apart is probably no coincidence. Right image The vent was the source for most of the ash and pyroclastic flows expelled during the 1912 eruptions, and has since filled with a lava dome known as Novarupta. National Park Service Sites in the Southern Alaska Subduction Zone reveal a variety of active volcanic features above the zone where the top of the Pacific Plate reaches sufficient depth where temperature and pressure are high enough to dehydrate rocks and form magma. Final answer. Drum (right). Some geological processes act so slowly that we may think of the Earth as rock-solid and unmoving. The subducted lithosphere descends into the hot mantle at a relatively shallow angle close to the subduction zone, but at steeper angles farther down (up to about 45). Usually, one of the converging plates will move beneath the other, a process known as subduction. The most famous example of a transform boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California. The Cocos Plate is a young oceanic tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Central America, named for Cocos Island, which rides upon it. Redoubt Volcano If the seafloor rises or falls, giant sea waves (a tsunami) can form. Crater Lake partially fills the caldera of a volcano that erupted and collapsed in on Itself 7,700 years ago. Near the western edge of the continent, the Juan de Fuca Plate plunges downward and some of the layers of hard crust and ocean sediments are scraped off the top and squeezed upward as the Olympic Mountains and other coastal ranges. It is assumed that the relative lack of strength of the partial melting zone facilitates the sliding of the lithospheric plates. Detailed Description Map of the North American - Caribbean tectonic plate boundary. Antarctic plate, Pacfic plate, Eurasia plate, India Plate, Africa plate. Wrangell, a 14,163 foot (4,317 meter) volcano that last erupted during the early part of the 20th Century. Some parks in the Sierra Nevada Mountains reveal igneous magma chamber rocks that represent the eroded remnants of an ancient subduction zone, when volcanoes similar to those found in the modern Cascade Mountains extended southward all the way through California. Mazama, violently erupted 7,700 years ago. They contain explosive volcanoes formed as fluids rise from the top of the subducting plate and generate magma as they melt their way to the surface. Mt. (Click on arrows and slide left and right to see labels.). Divergent boundaries are spreading boundaries, where new oceanic crust is created to fill in the space as the plates move apart. The collapse caldera from the Katmai eruption is about 3 miles (5 kilometers) across and 2,000 feet (600 meters) deep. There is tremendous deformation of the pre-existing continental rocks, and creation of mountains from that rock, from any sediments that had accumulated along the shores (i.e., within geosynclines) of both continental masses, and commonly also from some ocean crust and upper mantle material. Over time, the San Andreas boundary has grown longer as the Farallon Plate split into two separate platesthe Juan de Fuca Plate on the north, and the Cocos Plate on the south. This plate is rotating counter clockwise in towards the Pacific plate. The volcanoes are forming above the region where the top of the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate reaches about 50 miles (80 kilometers) depth. New Guinea and the northern parts of New Zealand are part of the Australia plate. Some of the processes taking place in this setting include: Spreading is hypothesized to start within a continental area with up-warping or doming related to an underlying mantle plume or series of mantle plumes. Katmai National Park The Cascade Volcanoes extend in a north-south line from Mt. Modified from Oregon's Island in the Sky: Geology Road Guide to Marys Peak, by Robert J. Lillie, Wells Creek Publishers, 75 pp., 2017, www.amazon.com/dp/1540611965. As the basalt magma rises up through the thick continental crust of North America, it melts some of that rock, too. and Alberta are also a result of continent-continent collisions. In 1989 and 1990, Mt. This plate is bound by the North-American and Caribbean Plates to the north-east, the small Rivera Plate to the north-west, the Pacific Plate to the west, The North American Plate, for example, rotates counter-clockwise; the Eurasian Plate rotates clockwise. Californias San Andreas fault is a transform boundary. The Caribbean plate is sandwiched between the North American and South American plates to the east and the Cocos, Nazca and North Andean plates to the west. In central and southern California the ancient volcanoes have largely eroded away. The Cocos Ridge (CR), which formed when the Cocos Plate drifted over the Galapagos Hotspot (Walther, 2003) , is a bathymetric high reaching about 2 km above the surrounding seafloor and stretching about 2000 km long and 200-300 km wide across the Cocos Plate . Imagine if Mt. Cocos Island rides on it.. Mazama, Aniakchak spewed lava across its caldera floor for centuries after its collapse. Sites in the Sierra Nevada Mountains reveal the eroded roots of an ancient volcanic range that formed when the subduction zone extended much farther south. The mountain is mainly andesite lava flows and volcanic mudflows covered by numerous glaciers. Magmas high in silica are thick and pasty. Lake Clark National Park and Preserve contains an active composite volcano with a profile and recent history reminiscent of Mt. The subducting boundary through Indonesia is not parallel to the biogeographical Wallace line that separates the indigenous fauna of Asia from that of Australasia. Over the next 50 million years, it is likely that there will be full development of the east African rift and creation of new ocean floor. Observations. Ranger Jens Oreo Demo Nazca plate, Pacific plate, North America plate, Caribbean plate. The Caribbean Plate is a mostly oceanic tectonic plate underlying Central America and the Caribbean Sea off the northern coast of South America . Eventually Africa will split apart. Beginning about 30 million years ago, so much of the Farallon Plate was consumed by subduction that the Pacific and North American plates were in contact, forming the San Andreas transform plate boundary in western California. The same forces that shift the land so dramatically also gradually build spectacular landscapes like the coastlines of the Pacific Northwest. What is the example of transform boundary? Finally, using a highlighter or colored pencil, label as many of the boundaries as you can as divergent, convergent, or transform. When mixed with water from glaciers, snowmelt, and streams, these materials can make very dense, fast-moving volcanic mudflows (known sometimes by the Indonesian term lahar). Western Mexico, where the young and small Rivera Plate and the adjacent large Cocos Plate are subducting beneath the North American Plate, is a unique Most of the sedimentary rocks formed from layers of sand and mud deposited in the ocean. Poking through the mass of some of the highest mountains in North America are very young volcanoes formed by the ongoing Pacific Plate subduction. Is the Nazca plate convergent or divergent? Images above modified from Oregon's Island in the Sky: Geology Road Guide to Marys Peak, by Robert J. Lillie, Wells Creek Publishers, 75 pp., 2017, www.amazon.com/dp/1540611965. The Cocos plate is a geologically young oceanic tectonic plate.It is beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Central America. Between 200 and 150 Ma, rifting started between South America and Africa and between North America and Europe, and India moved north toward Asia. 100% (1 rating) SOLUTION: * The plate boundaries moving towards each other are called the convergent plate boundaries. The types are ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent. But if the lava spills out from beneath the ocean, it encounters cold water and hardens quickly as a pile of pillows. Pillow lavas form on the ocean floor where erupting magma encounters cold sea water. Left image North America plate, Africa plate, Australia plate, Arabia plate, India plate, Filipino plate. To the east it limits with the Caribbean plate, which is located in the Caribbean Sea and in the north of South America. Find the boundary between the North American and Cocos plates. Volcanoes in national parks in the Cascades have eruptive personalities that reflect the complex magma systems associated with subduction zones. Roughly 3.2 million square kilometers (1.2 million square miles) in area, the Caribbean. Yosemite National Park, California Legal. The eastern boundary is a transform fault, the Panama Fracture Zone. The Rocky Mountains in B.C. Transcribed image text: Match each plate boundary with its appropriate type. The distribution and depths of earthquakes in the Caribbean and Central America area are shown in Figure 11.2.3. Cocos Plate; Type: Minor: Approximate area: 2,900,000 km 2: Movement 1: north-east: Speed 1: 67 mm/year: . What type of boundary is the San Andreas Fault? The west side of California is moving north, and the east side is moving south. Granite rocks found in national parks in the Sierra Nevada are the cooled and eroded remnants of magma chambers that fed ancient subduction zone volcanoes in California. Increased temperature and pressure at that depth cause the rocks to metamorphose and dehydrate (sweat). The Nazca plate is an oceanic tectonic plate in the southeastern Pacific Ocean that shares both convergent and divergent boundaries, corners multiple triple junctions, contains three seamount chains, overrides four hotspots, and is responsible for the creation of the Andean orogeny (Figure 1). This plate is moving northwest towards the Australia, Filipino, and Eurasia plates. Produced under a Cooperative Agreement for earth science education between the National Park Service's Geologic Resources Division and the American Geosciences Institute. Rainier were to suddenly and violently eruptso much that its magma chamber empties and the volcanic peak collapses in on itself. Farther inland, the subducting plate reaches depths where it sweats hot water. The fact that the plates include both crustal material and lithospheric mantle material makes it possible for a single plate to be made up of both oceanic and continental crust. Subduction of the Farallon Plate beneath the entire West Coast created a line of volcanoes from Alaska to Central America. About 200 million years ago a large tectonic plate (called the Farallon Plate) started to subduct beneath the western edge of North America. (Note that spreading rates are typically double the velocities of the two plates moving away from a ridge.). The Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Philippine Sea plate to the east while the west/northwestern part of the Philippine Sea plate is subducting beneath the continental Eurasian plate. Copalis River, Washington The Coast Range and Cascades are the two parallel mountain ranges that form the Cascadia Subduction Zone in the Pacific Northwest. Identifying port numbers for ArcGIS Online Basemap? Visits to coastal NPS sites in the Pacific Northwest can help us appreciate the landscapes that develop over time because of these large quakes, and learn how we are preparing our homes, communities, and infrastructure for the next Big One.. Bold numbers are the years of moderately large (larger than about M7) historical earthquakes written next to their approximate location. Mazama, erupted and collapsed 7,700 years ago, forming the large cavity (caldera) that now holds Crater Lake. Credit: Photo Courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. Rainier National Park is an active composite volcano rising more than 14,000 feet above sea level. It is likely that as many as 20 mantle plumes, many of which still exist, were responsible for the initiation of the rifting of Pangea along what is now the mid-Atlantic ridge (see Figure \(\PageIndex{10}\)). Start with the major plates, and then work on the smaller ones. If spreading along the mid-Atlantic ridge continues to be slower than spreading within the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean will start to close up, and eventually (in a 100 million years or more) North and South America will collide with Europe and Africa. Stack the quarters with Washington on top, Oregon in the middle and California on the bottom. A sudden unlocking could produce an earthquake every bit as big as the one that occurred in Alaska in 1964, when a similar subduction zone boundary snap occurred. Is the Cocos Plate convergent or divergent? Step 2/2. The Cocos plate is found on the west side of Mexico. The colliding continental material will not be subducted because it is too light (i.e., because it is composed largely of light continental rocks [SIAL]), but the root of the oceanic plate will eventually break off and sink into the mantle.
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