All rights reserved. Transoral resection of stylopharyngeus calcification: a unique manifestation of a stylohyoid complex syndrome. It is thin and slender and is attached to the hyoid bone, which lies just below the lower jaw, or mandible. National Library of Medicine One notable one is myofascial pain syndrome, which causes severe pain . 8600 Rockville Pike doi: 10.7759/cureus.21666. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Many people have an unusually-shaped styloid process but no symptoms. There is also pain upon turning the head or extending the tongue. Valerio CS, Peyneau PD, de Sousa AC, Cardoso FO, de Oliveira DR, Taitson PF, Manzi FR. People who do not get full pain relief may benefit from support groups, therapy, and other forms of psychological support. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. page'. Reviewer: Articulation of the mandible. In this article, we examine the symptoms of Eagle syndrome along with the possible causes. The pathologic areas were surgically addressed through transoral or cervical approaches. Stylohyoid complex syndrome: is 1 more classification needed? The primary function of this group of muscles is to depress the hyoid bone during speech and swallowing. 2023 Eagle syndrome (also termed stylohyoid syndrome, [1] styloid syndrome, [2] styloid-stylohyoid syndrome, [2] or styloid-carotid artery syndrome) [3] is an uncommon condition commonly characterized but not limited to sudden, sharp nerve-like pain in the jaw bone and joint, back of the throat, and base of the tongue, triggered by swallowing, moving The stylohyoid muscle is given instructions by the facial nerve. Author: We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F. & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). Dissection of the muscles of the palate from behind. Pathologic conditions associated with the stylohyoid muscle may result in cervical and pharyngeal symptoms such as neck pain laterally in the area of the angle of the mandible, submandibular space, and anterior upper neck. Right side of the skull. We avoid using tertiary references. Epub 2015 Apr 21. Objective: It initiates a swallowing action by pulling the hyoid bone in a posterior and superior direction. 1 Introduction. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. management, and accessibility. It is perforated (run through) by a facial tendon the digastric tendon before it slots into the hyoid bone. Accessibility Relatively few conditions affect the stylohyoid muscle. 2011 Mar;137(3):248-52. doi: 10.1001/archoto.2011.25. The ligament of stylohyoid muscle which is fibrous sometimes ossifies partially leading to Eagle syndrome (stylohyoid syndrome).. Eagle syndrome present in 4% population presents with mostly unilateral sharp shooting pain in jaw radiating into throat, tongue or ear leading to difficulty in deglutition, sore throat, and tinnitus especially on . Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies [14], Approximately 4% of the general population have an elongated styloid process, and of these about 4% give rise to the symptoms of Eagle syndrome. The age range was 38 to 53 years at time of presentation (mean age, 45.3 years). and transmitted securely. [2], Stylohyoid receives its blood supply from branches of the facial, posterior auricular and occipital arteries (branches of the external carotid artery)[2][3], Get Top Tips Tuesday and The Latest Physiopedia updates, The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for informational purposes only. In most people, an elongated styloid process bone is the culprit in Eagle syndrome. This specific type of damage is a form of chronic nerve pain referred to as neuralgia. External and middle ear, opened from the front. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. It is thin and slender and is attached to the hyoid bone, which lies just below the lower jaw, or mandible. Treatment of acute orofacial pain with lower cervical intramuscular bupivacaine injections: a 1-year retrospective review of 114 patients. As a result, massage, exercise, and other strategies that target the painful area are unlikely to help. The stylohyoid muscle extends between the temporal and hyoid bones. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The contraction of the stylohyoid muscle elevates and retracts the hyoid bone, especially during swallowing. Common presenting complaints were lateral neck and oropharyngeal pain exacerbated by tongue and head movements. 2016 May;20(5):857-8. doi: 10.1002/ejp.869. Careers. this may affect It is one of the suprahyoid muscle which is located in the submandibular region. Eagle syndrome can be frustrating, making it painful to talk, eat, or even turn the head. 2012 Mar;23(2):e138-40. Surgery through the mouth requires removal of the tonsils , and it can be more difficult for the surgeon to access the styloid process. [4], Classic Eagle syndrome is present on only one side; however, it may rarely be present on both sides. Saudi Dent J. 2017 Aug;39(8):897-904. doi: 10.1007/s00276-017-1812-4. There is no known cure to this syndrome, although nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, are prescribed to reduce pain and inflammation. The styloid process is a slender and pointed bony process of the temporal bone projecting anteroinferiorly from the inferior surface of the temporal bone[1] just below the ear. [4], A branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) innervates the stylohyoid muscle.[3][5]. [1], A small percentage of the population will suffer from an elongation of the styloid process and stylohyoid ligament calcification. The stylohyoid muscle elevates and retracts hyoid bone. It could occur spontaneously or could arise since birth. Stylohyoid muscle (musculus stylohyoideus) -Yousun Koh, Attachments and some relations of the stylohyoid muscle - Paul Kim. . Cureus. All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. All rights reserved. Epub 2017 Feb 2. A 2017 study that examined this process found that 107 of 133 people who had the surgery experienced complete relief of symptoms, with an additional 20 getting partial relief. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Outer surface. It may be absent or doubled, lie beneath the carotid artery, or be inserted into the omohyoid, or mylohyoid muscles. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28215854, https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/9401/eagle-syndrome, https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMicm1703542?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&, https://academic.oup.com/jscr/article/2017/8/rjx152/4057605, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3949492/, https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijd/2009/781297/, One-hour endoscopic procedure could eliminate the need for insulin for type 2 diabetes, New clues to slow aging? 2016 May;20(5):855-6. doi: 10.1002/ejp.829. Bookshelf Styloid-carotid artery syndrome treated surgically with Piezosurgery: a case report and literature review. An official website of the United States government. . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6IGlYy91-8, https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Stylohyoid&oldid=291324. According to the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD), about 4 percent of the population has an unusually long styloid process. [1] It serves as an anchor point for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx. Passing inferior and anterior, it inserts into the body of the hyoid bone, at its junction with the greater cornu, and just superior to the omohyoid muscle. Conclusions: set a cookie on your device to remember your preferences. All rights reserved. The ligament of stylohyoid muscle which is fibrous sometimes ossifies partially leading to Eagle syndrome (stylohyoid syndrome).. Eagle syndrome present in 4% population presents with mostly unilateral sharp shooting pain in jaw radiating into throat, tongue or ear leading to difficulty in deglutition, sore throat, and tinnitus especially on . Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. Attachments: Arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone and attaches to the lateral aspect of the hyoid bone. The stylohyoid muscle is a slender muscle in the neck, which lies along the upper edge of the posterior belly of the digastris muscle. stylohyoid muscle (innervated by the facial nerve) [citation . Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Stylohyoid muscle transfer in marginal mandibular nerve palsy. However, only between 4 and 10 percent of these people around 1 in 62,000 people have any symptoms. This procedure, called a styloidectomy, can be done through the mouth or neck. The muscle starts at the styloid process, a pointed part of the skulls temporal bone, which lies just below the ear and functions as an anchor point for a number of muscles. The branch arises right after the facial nerve passes the mastoid process of temporal bone to enter the middle part of the muscle. Contraction of the stylohyoid muscle results in elevation and retraction (posterior movement) of the hyoid bone. Copyright Politi, M., Toro, C., & Tenani, G. (2009). The stylohyoid muscle is a slender muscle, lying anterior and superior of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries. Imaging studies, such as X-rays, can help a doctor view the styloid process and surrounding structures. Some doctors now offer endoscopic surgery, which uses a tube with a camera attached to access the styloid process. Entrapment of nerves by the stylohyoid complex is an uncommon cause of neuropathic jaw & neck pain. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Its function is to draw the hyoid bone in a backward position to elevate the tongue, primarily when swallowing. Muscles of the neck. Using Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. The .gov means its official. 1173185. When the skull's styloid processthe pointy bone below the earbecomes elongated in a manner that pushes against a nerve or blood vessel, it can result in Eagle syndrome. Stylohyoid is a paired muscle located in the anterior triangle of the neck. A doctor may suspect Eagle syndrome based on the symptoms that a person presents. Having the tonsils removed can cause damage to the nerves that surround the muscle and cause scar tissue to form. The styloid process is a cylindrical, slender, needle-like projection of varying lengths averaging 2 to 3 cm. Visualizing the styloid process on a CT scan with 3D reconstruction is the suggested imaging technique. Other causes of Eagle syndrome include: Tonsillectomy: Sometimes, after. . Surg Radiol Anat. In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. Close to its insertion point, the muscle is briefly split into two slips by the intermediate tendon of digastric muscle which passes through the belly of stylohyoid muscle. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. Case report: An atypical presentation of Eagle syndrome. Disclaimer. See additional information. The stylohyoid muscle is a slender muscle in the neck, which lies along the upper edge of the posterior belly of the digastris muscle. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal These findings suggest that this surgery may be a good option for reducing symptoms. how the website functions. Living with chronic pain can also cause depression, anxiety, and relationship problems. Authors M Fusconi 1 . MeSH [1] First described by American otorhinolaryngologist Watt Weems Eagle in 1937,[4] the condition is caused by an elongated or misshapen styloid process (the slender, pointed piece of bone just below the ear) and/or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament, either of which interferes with the functioning of neighboring regions in the body, such as the glossopharyngeal nerve. In both the classic and vascular form, the treatment is surgical. The two slips reunite before reaching the insertion point, which is located superiorly to the attachment of the superior belly of omohyoid muscle. Disclaimer. To describe stylohyoid complex syndrome (SHCS) as a new diagnostic classification of all lateral neck and/or facial pain conditions resulting from an elongated styloid process, ossified stylohyoid ligament, or elongated hyoid bone. It is located in. Myofascial pain syndrome can result in severe pain in the stylohyoid muscle; treatment includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce pain and inflammation. 2015 Feb;124(2):158-61. doi: 10.1177/0003489414546399. The styloid process is a slender outgrowth at the base of the temporal bone, immediately posterior to the mastoid apex. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. that does not MeSH It belongs to the suprahyoid muscles group which includes the mylohyoid, geniohyoid and stylohyoid muscles. The stylohyoid muscle receives arterial blood from branches of the facial, occipital and posterior auricular arteries. It is usually nearly straight, but may be curved in some individuals. Read more, Physiopedia 2023 | Physiopedia is a registered charity in the UK, no.
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