The Redbrands mostly consisted of humans, male and female, although a handful of halflings and bugbears were also in the bandit group. Bandit definition, a robber, especially a member of a gang or marauding band. Cowboy's Glossary of Terms - People & The Land A group of swordsmen are called bandits. The persistence or decline of banditry depends upon a complex interplay of variables, including the social structure and political ecology of a particular region; the nature and distribution of property and capital accumulation (whether landed or movable and precarious, such as livestock) and the means available to legitimate it; the presence or absence of trust and its relationship to the development of civil society; underdeveloped electoral processes, which may encourage strong-arm tactics; and the predominance of permanent insecurity rather than permanent misery at the grass roots, the former being more conducive to banditry. Dickie, John. They exhibited clear partisan rather than class leanings. [2], Pope Sixtus V had about 5,000 bandits executed in the five years before his death in 1590, but there were reputedly 27,000 more at liberty throughout Central Italy. In certain situations peasants may have preferred the traditional depredations of pastoral bandits to the more extensive, sustained ones of the state, such as taxes, and in other situations the depredations of the potentates' henchmen may have been protected by powerful national interests. I want to receive exclusive email updates from YourDictionary. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, The term violence is used to describe animal and human behavior that threatens to cause or causes severe harm to a target. Women most likely lived with male bandit gangs at their hideouts. Although fear and protection are critical components of bandit power, they are not a sufficient cause for bandits' sustained prepotency. What Is a Group of Rabbits or Bunnies Called? - AZ Animals Wisbech, U.K., 1987. Hobsbawm's thesis has been criticized by Anton Blok and other anthropologists. We know that a woman called Mara Bonita died with Lampio in a hail of gunfire in 1938. What should I call bands of armed men in the Middle Ages? https://www.britannica.com/story/pirates-privateers-corsairs-buccaneers-whats-the-difference. The extreme violence practiced by bandits against peasants in many contemporary accounts has been interpreted in two ways: as expressive or as instrumental. Terror and violence often had a personal element. But bandit myth, like most myth, expresses only half-truths. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Pirate is the most general of the four terms. For animals with multiple potential group names, weve bolded the most common that you might encounter. A member of the slighted family, usually a young man, responds with violence, thereby breaking state law, and flees. No evidence suggests that fish are particularly studious, so why is it a school of fish? No group has claimed responsibility for the attacks but witnesses have attributed it to "bandits", the catchall phrase for criminal gangs masterminding frequent bouts of abduction, maiming . Birds most of them can fly, some of them cant, but theyre all noted for their feathers, beaks, and laying of eggs. These portrayals affected how bandits were perceived and legitimated, even allowing them to legitimate themselves. Because they were embedded in local communities, bandits benefited from a grassroots solidarity against outsiders and state authority. On both sides, the struggle was waged with both conventional navies and state-sanctioned sea bandits called corsairs. Two pioneer historians who emphasized the social aspects of banditry were Franco Molfese and Eric Hobsbawm. Braudel, Fernand. The name is derived from the French boucan, a grill for smoking meat, and was first applied to French wild game hunters living in western Hispaniola in the early 17th century. Ming China was largely an agricultural society and contemporary observers remarked that famine and subsequent hardship often gave rise to banditry. "A Word at War: The Italian Army and Brigandage, 18601870." If youre not sure, you can usually refer to a large collection of a bug species as a swarm (for large groups of flying insects) or colony. Madrid, 1934. Throughout the early modern period, especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, affluent travelers and merchants as well as peasants and farmers were afraid of banditry. Other famous bandits of the eighteenth century were Nickel List, who was active around 1700 in North Germany, and Lips Tullian, who committed most of his crimes in the Saxon region of Germany. Christon I. Archer, "Banditry and Revolution in New Spain, 17901821," in Biblioteca Americana 1, no. Banditry, Chivalry, and Terror in German Fiction, 17901830. Banditry can be seen as a legal category, a social category, and as a series of powerful stories and myths. Just to reiterate: Animal group names arent official. In The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History, edited by Richard J. Evans, pp. There, they find the . Bandits prevented and suppressed peasant mobility by putting down collective peasant action through terror and by carving out avenues of individual social mobility that weakened collective action. 2 vols. 9 Most Outrageous Outlaw Heroes - bandits - Oddee Throughout most of English language literature, flock of crows far outweighed murder of crows, and until about the 90s, even group of crows was used more frequently than murder of crows. In banditry, women usually functioned as supporters and links with the outside world. 'A cauldron of bats generally assembles in a . Either they became symbols of betrayal by more powerful vested interests, or the violence of their executions, and the disassembly of their bodies as public spectacle, demonstrated the irrepressible power of the state over the individual. Lsebrink, Hans-Jrgen, ed. Church of La Negrita, Our Lady of Angels, Cartago, Costa Rica. See also Crime and Punishment ; Vagrants and Beggars . As the Sicilian novelist Leonardo Sciascia (19211989) noted, an element of latent racism entered into the northern view of the South, and as soon as banditry and organized crime were posed as typically "Sicilian" phenomena emerging from its psychology and history, the Sicilian educated classes reacted by minimalizing the criminality. 3 (September 2004): 759-779. Another skill was the ability to deploy road blocks to stop and prey on travelers. [27] Similarly, Zhang's comrades Liu Brothers and Tiger Yang had wives and children. Another way to say Group Of Bandits? 2d ed. Banditry in Europe traditionally appeared in areas where large-scale landholding coexisted with a relatively permanent intermediate strata of leaseholders or freeholders based upon family-sized plots, such as in Sicily, parts of Greece, and Cyprus. The late medieval legend of Robin Hood, who robbed the rich, switched clothes with beggars, and helped the poor, was popular not only in England but also in the rest of Europe for hundreds of years. ." Local responses were mixed but increasingly hostile to such collective negative stereotypes. Some people, possibly to prove they paid attention in history class, also throw around privateer. Peasant idealization of bandits was also variable and a function of their subsequent political evolution. Create a text document there and call it bandit (not bandit.ini not Bandit, it has to be bandit ). Barcelona, 19621963. [24] Another important skill was horsemanship, especially in the Northern Capital Region, where mounted banditry concentrated. Few romanticized bandits actually lived the heroic, idealized lives attributed to them in popular culture or in Hobsbawm's social bandit model. Banditry can be seen as a continuum from the camel raiding Bedouin, through the "noble bandits" of the nineteenth-century Greek Klephts, to contemporary armed autonomist groups (such as Chiapas in Mexico or Kurds in Turkey or Chechen fighters against Russian intervention in Chechnya) labeled as "bandits" by the state. Regl, Joan. Bracewell, Catherine Wendy. BANDITRY. [25], Once they forcefully acquired goods and commodities, bandits had to sell them. In contrast, Rosalie Schwartz argues that western Cuba's banditry reflects neither class conflict nor social banditry. Most animal studies emphas, Paramilitary Groups. German authorities suppressed partisan opposition with maximum force[4] Enter a Crossword Clue. Hobsbawm tended to an expressive interpretation. The Cuban independence period illustrates both political banditry and the interpretive debates going on in the study of banditry. The women who shared the roving life of bandits normally did not step outside the generally accepted gender role. Neither solely a prepolitical form of protest nor a means of suppressing peasant unrest, it may have performed these functions among others. Encyclopedia.com. Stories that circulate about the bandit or mafioso often constitute an essential part of his power. [18] In 1449, Mongolian soldiers in the service of Ming attacked and plundered Beijing area. (April 27, 2023). ." Wilson, Stephen. [37] The rebellion took the Ming almost two years to crush. Chicago, 1935. There is, for example, Stenka Razin, the insurgent leader of the Russian poor in the seventeenth century. Seax Falchion Small Spurred Axe Hatchet Sickle Pickaxe . Kther, Carsten. Popular models of suffering were available in the lives and tortures of saints, and imprisoned bandits could become like saints, especially when they repented. Histoires curieuses et vritables de Cartouche et de Mandrin. When caught and juridically processed, their bodies became the subject of a publicly demonstrated spectacle of state power. [28], The career of banditry often led leaders to assemble more bandits and army deserters and organize predatory gangs into active rebel groups. Encyclopedia.com. The band was known as the. Yet through that act the bandit embarked on his final transformation. Where there was no (state) law, Rousseau discerned justice; where the people were oppressed, Rousseau anticipated freedom; where the ancien rgime recognized anarchic, bloodthirsty bandits, he discerned exemplary citizens capable of discipline. A Spanish attempt to drive away the buccaneers by exterminating the game animals on the islands backfired, leaving the buccaneers more dependent than ever on their raids of Spanish shipping. However, if you're in doubt, you can always stick with herd or group. and Impoverished day laborers and domestic servants often joined a gang where young beggars rubbed shoulders with old soldiers, deserters, murderers, expriests, and prostitutes. "Il brigantaggio nel Mezzogiorno dopo l'Unit d'Italia." It wasnt until the early 20th century that the term gained popularity. Often all these features coexist in particular examples of banditry, although one may be more dominant than the others. Granite Island: A Portrait of Corsica. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. The Tale of Hong Kiltong Siewert Flashcards | Quizlet After a short time he left his hiding place and tried his hand at smuggling. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. The serrano (mountain region) uprisings during the Mexican Revolution offer another good example of political banditry cutting across class barriers. "Bandits and Boundaries in Sardinia." Guerrilla bandits (discussed below) are one example of those who profited from disorder. He is still celebrated in German folklore, being idealized as a "social bandit." Ortalli, Gherardo, ed. There is ample proof, though hardly needed, that vagrants and social bandits were brothers in hardship and frequently mixed with each other. Davis, John, A. Hobsbawm, Eric. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. These . In nineteenth-century Greece, ex-Klephts such as Theodoros Kolokotrnis used their memoirs to glorify themselves. Cruciverba. Unsurprisingly, this view of the South aroused the ire of local intellectuals and politicians. https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, "Banditry . A nineteenth-century observer noted that for the Corsicans the vendetta was a kind of religion. Edited by John G. Persistiany and Julian Pitt-Rivers. "Bandits and the State: Robbers and the Authorities in the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Seventeenth Century." Blok and others interpreted it in instrumental terms: violence ensures peasant submission. //Kiba no Tabishounin - The Arms Peddler (Manga) - TV Tropes She brings her brothers along on a journey with Peter, a group of bandits called the Lost Boys, and his pint-sized pixie friend Tinker Bell, to the magical world of Neverland. [26] Robinson further points out that "[a] widespread network to dispose of the stolen livestock linked" towns in the Capital Region to nearby provinces. . Herzfeld, Michael. One of these bands was known as los beatos de Cabrilla (the holy ones of Cabrilla), because its members behaved like "gentlemen," robbing their victims of only half of their goods. In the Mediterranean and elsewhere the circulation of popular accounts of bandits was particularly significant, sometimes interacting in complex ways with the creation of the nation-state's history. This will put you in Vathume in a new game the next time you launch Skyrim. Looter (Bannerlord) | Mount & Blade Wiki | Fandom Recommended for you Encyclopedia of European Social History. What A Thug's Life Looked Like In 19th Century India In Sicily mafiosi were actively involved in the risorgimento (the nineteenth-century movement for Italian unification), backing the adherents of Giuseppe Garibaldi and managing to wrest effective control of landed estates from the absentee Sicilian aristocracy. Le bandit et son image au sicle d'or. Most of the historical sources on bandits are the words of army or police officers charged with ridding the countryside of such "sores" or "plagues" and are thus highly partial. Indeed, the records sometimes confirm the image, insofar as it represents reality and not wishful thinking on the one side and social prejudices on the other. What are the 4 bandits names? If officials labeled revolutionaries as bandits, bandits sometimes professed to have political aims, to cover their crimes with a veneer of legitimacy. D for Donkeys A group of donkeys is called a drove. As a legalistic and political-social category, banditry is formed by the impact of the state on local communities, and its meanings have changed across time to reflect these changing relationships. Scott, James C. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. See also the sectionRural Life (volume 2);Peasants and Rural Laborers and the sectionSocial Protest (in this volume); and other articles in this section. New York, 1968. "Social banditry" is a term invented by the historian Eric Hobsbawm in his 1959 book Primitive Rebels, a study of popular forms of resistance that also incorporate behaviour characterized as illegal. War increased dislocation and unrest in the countryside, further encouraging banditry. While there isnt an official committee that says its a murder of crows or a crash of rhinos, its still worth knowing these different animal group names for your writing and personal knowledge. Yet more research is needed. In the Balkans, the recorded history of haiduks goes back to the fifteenth century, but popular ballads about their lives and deeds did not flourish before the middle of the eighteenth century. Brigands with a Cause. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Social bandits were considered by their people as heroes, champions, and fighters for justice in a world that often denied them justice. Some common criminals simply brutalized and abused their fellow men. And with that comes plenty of collective nouns for each of those exoskeletal creatures, from armies to clouds. ." In one occasion, the influential eunuch Zhang Zhong helped his sworn brother Zhang Mao to negotiate with a commander sent to hunt down local bandits. Bandit leaders cooperated more often with the powerful, not the humble, elements of society. ." London, 1971. All rights reserved. El bandolerisme catal. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In Latin America it was part and parcel of an expanding frontier economy. But do these words actually mean the same thing, matey? Comeche, Juan Antonio Martnez, ed. The most famous of all privateers is probably English admiral Francis Drake, who made a fortune plundering Spanish settlements in the Americas after being granted a privateering commission by Elizabeth I in 1572. In Northern Canada, the term fluffle is also used to refer both to the group of hares and rabbits. In addition to the highly developed economy of Beijing, the Region also contained numerous commercial cities; these cities not only attracted merchants but also bandits. Equipment Looters can spawn with in battle. In it I have a group of men who live in a castle and fight for the castle's lord. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas, 2003. Franchetti and Sonnino also noted a widespread admiration for bandits among the literati, who romanticized them, and paradoxically among landowners, the most likely to suffer from bandit depredations. Such actions served as a warning or an unambiguous omen of further action. Why did bandits steal? In the early seventeenth century the most famous Spanish bandit was Perot Rocaguinarda. Bandits did not necessarily belong to the peasantry; they often belonged to those groups who sponsored or controlled the production of (often) literary symbols. Oxford, 1987. If theres no water and no boat, youre just a regular bandit. It was they who made a stand at the Read More asidism For other uses, see, Techniques, organization, livelihood, and risks, New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banditry&oldid=1151452214, This page was last edited on 24 April 2023, at 04:22. Rousseau's imagining of the Corsican way of life contains many of the germinal contradictory notions about bandits that developed in romanticism and have retained popular currency. [39], Marauding was one of the most common peasant reactions to oppression and hardship. They are much like traditional knights, only they're a whole group, they've never been knighted and aren't members of nobility. An earlier Sicilian novelist, Luigi Capuana (18391915), denied the Sicilianness of the Mafia and brigandage, claiming that, though the Mafia existed in Sicily, it was no different from criminality found elsewhere. The state's policies toward landlordism, peasant cultivators, and pastoralists may also be a significant variable because they may favor one over the other, with radical implications for illegal practices. The more protected an individual was, especially by powerful patrons, as in Sicily, the less he needed to use violence for the meanings it could convey and the more opportunities he had to employ ambiguity and courtesya point noted by many outside observers, although such courtesy must surely have been ironic. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Bandits were recruited from the most mobile segments of peasant society: young unmarried men, landless laborers, migrants, shepherds, ex-soldiers, and deserters. The more marginalized a bandit was, the more dependent he was on protection, the greater the risk of betrayal, and thus the greater the tendency for violence to appear "gratuitous"that is, to signify itself. A trader who worked for Queen Philippa of Hainault, the wife of Edward III, was holding some jewels on her behalf in his house in London. The German equivalent to Dick Turpin is Johann Bckler (17831803), alias Schinderhannes (John the Knacker). This interpretation is also problematic since violence reinforces the fragmentation of peasant collective consciousness but is not its direct cause. Guerrilla popular uprisings (casting "banditry" as an expression of the struggle for freedom) against outside despotism in Corsica in the mid-eighteenth century, and Greece in the early nineteenth, caught public imagination. Bandits in a Landscape: A Study of Romantic Painting from Caravaggio to Delacroix. How authorities have responded to this form of prepotency (either through savage repression or co-option of strongmen) has itself influenced responses to banditry at the local level. Harmondsworth, U.K., 1972. Stories about bandits should be treated as texts to be deconstructed. In Archivio Storico per la Calabria e la Lucania 42, Rome, 1975. Banditry | Encyclopedia.com According to Hobsbawm, the characteristic feature of social bandits is that "they are peasant outlaws who the lord and state regard as criminals, but who remain within peasant society, and are considered by the people as heroes, as champions, avengers, fighters for justice, perhaps even leaders of liberation, and in any case as men to be admired, helped and supported" (p. 17). ." Journal ofModern Greek Studies 6 (1988): 269290. What is a group of bandits called? - Answers Rabbits can be called colonies, fluffles, herds, warrens, or nests when in a group, depending on the context. As Paul J. Vanderwood has shown, the marginalized rural poor fomented disorder, including bandit attacks, and profited from the resulting conflict. There is evidence that this popular bandit really practiced some kind of redistribution of wealth. In Sicily and Greece violent entrepreneurs from pastoral backgrounds managed to create new niches for themselves in the nation-state, especially when the new regime attempted to penetrate the countryside. He had assembled a massive following and by using his connection and wealth, he managed to bribe and befriend important eunuchs in the court. In addition to a desire for economic gain, personal and familial conflict drove some men to banditry. DROVER: Term commonly used in the 1870s and 80s for a working cowboy engaged in trailing longhorns to market or a new range. The state attempts to capture the offenders and, if it is successful, executes them. Caution must be exercised in reducing discernible sociological facts, such as the observation that a bandit successfully managed to evade capture for a long period, to single empiricist causes, such as powerful protection. Harmondsworth, U.K., 1985. Gttingen, 1976. For an analysis of banditry, it may be useful to steer a middle course, borrowing from the various perspectives that treat bandits as primitive social rebels (as Hobsbawm does), as individual opportunists, or as the co-opted henchmen of rural potentates (as Blok does). Prodded by my daughter Nadia who had taken . Rome, 1986. Violent retribution was "justice," a private affair not to be reported to the state. [20] Robinson points out that "dire economic straits" forced soldiers to use illegal means to make a living.