Annurca apple fruits, Modulation of oxidative cell damage by reconstituted mixtures of phenolic apple juice extracts in human colon cell lines, Total oxidant scavenging capacities of common European fruit and vegetable juices, Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits, An integrated approach to evaluate food antioxidant capacity, Phenolics from purple grape, apple, purple grape juice and apple juice prevent early atherosclerosis induced by an atherogenic diet in hamsters, Absorption of dietary cholesterol oxidation products and their downstream metabolic effects are reducted by dietary apple phenols, Apple procyanidins decrease cholesterol esterification and lipoprotein secretion in Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes, Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic exzema, Diet as a risk factor for atopy and asthma, Fruit and vegetable intakes and asthma in the E3N study, Dietary intake of flavonoids and asthma in adults, Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults. Several studies demonstrate that AP reduce cell proliferation, alter markers of the cell cycle, increase apoptotic mechanisms, and modulate signal transduction pathways. The authors concluded that the high procyanidin content and metabolites in the apple extract might directly interfere with cholesterol absorption in addition to modulating lipids and lipid-related processes. The authors of this study also searched for an association between total flavonol and flavone intake and a limited number of subtypes of these flavonoids (5 total) and reduced risk. Mechanistically, it is feasible that catechins or other polyphenolic components in AP may be inversely related to the risk of type 2 diabetes, possibly by preserving pancreatic -cell function via reduced oxidative stress-induced tissue damage. Carbohydrates present in apples include starches and sugars, pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose among other things. The fruit composition is characterized by the presence of high amounts of physiologically active chemical constituents, such as sugars, organic acids, mineral salts, tannins, vitamins, pectin,. Although this effect was less robust after adjustment for intake of other fruits and vegetables, the association remained. Inflammatory markers and insulin resistance were not affected by any dietary components. Kern et al. The test meals were adjusted to provide comparable macronutrients. Chemical composition of apple One recent investigation focused on isolating and identifying bioactive compounds in apple peel associated with antiproliferative activity (32). The potential of AP phytochemicals to reduce disease risk and improve health has caught the attention of scientists, practitioners, and the lay public. Ongoing work continues to further delineate multiple mechanisms by which AP might be protective and suggests great promise. A research group in Italy studied the effects of 10 wk of fresh apple intake in aged rats (66). These data support the potential of antioxidant activity to improve markers related to behavioral changes associated with the aging process. Blood sampled at 1, 2, 3, and 6 h postconsumption was assayed for FRAP and plasma ascorbate and urate levels. Study of physico-chemical composition of Red Delicious and Amri apple no attached saccharide residue) may be better taken up by cells and may have higher reactivity/antioxidant capacity. Whereas it has been argued that the low bioavailability of most flavonoids results in plasma concentrations that are well below the levels needed to exert antioxidant effects (41), others attribute the antioxidant capacity of fruit, including AP, to the flavonoid content, particularly the high procyanidin levels. In one study, polyphenols were extracted from the juice of a variety of table and cider apples. Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits - PMC The grade is characterized by: Very high corrosion resistance in strong acids. It was found that apple juice from concentrate was significantly and dose-dependently associated with reduced wheeze (juice ranging from 1 serving/mo to 1 serving/d) but not with reduced presence of asthma. The longer exposure time suggests that apple extracts target signaling elements upstream of PKC and not PKC specifically. Which polyphenolic compounds contribute to the total antioxidant activities of apple? The loss of bone mass is associated with osteoporosis and is viewed by some as a global epidemic. The chemical structures of several representative polyphenols present in AP are shown in Fig. Recent work suggests that these products may also be associated with improved outcomes related to cognitive decline of normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, pulmonary function, and gastrointestinal protection. Although total daily apple intake was not reported in this small study, it is estimated that the average intake would not be much more than 1 small apple/d (149 g) based on a conservative speculated average bodyweight range of 6070 kg. These are described in the following section in the context of cardiovascular disease, although it is recognized that antioxidant effects are likely important in chemoprevention as well. In follow-up studies, the same authors examined the effect of isolated fractions on the above markers and concluded that the juice fraction itself was more effective than individual components of juice, including polyphenolic-rich extracts (18). There was also a 1.5-fold increase in SCFA in the fermented samples compared to nonfermented. In the United States, twenty-two percent of the phenolics consumed from fruits are from apples making them the largest source of phenolics [13]. There is also inconsistency in the correlation between in vitro outcomes and in vivo antioxidant activity mediated by AP. Comprehensive Review of Apples and Apple Components and Their (53) recently published a follow-up analysis of an earlier study in which they demonstrated a protective effect of apple consumption on asthma (54). In addition, apple intake was associated with reduction in SOD elevation in the hippocampus of aged rats, suggesting that apples provide antioxidant protection that mitigates the predicted compensatory elevation of enzymes associated with aging. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun M, Barth SW, Fahndrich C, Bub A, Dietrich H, Watzl B, Will F, Briviba K, Rechkemmer G, Barth SW, Faehndrich C, Bub A, Watzl B, Will F, Dietrich H, Rechkemmer G, Briviba K, Goss F, Guyot S, Roussi S, Lobstein A, Fischer B, Seiler N, Raul F, Schaefer S, Baum M, Eisenbrand G, Dietrich H, Will F, Janzowski C, Olsson ME, Gustavsson K-E, Andersson S, Nilsson A, Duan R-D, Goss F, Roussi S, Guyot S, Schoenfelder A, Mann A, Bergerat J, Seiler N, Raul F, Kern M, Pahlke G, Balavenkatraman KK, Bohmer FD, Marko D, Veeriah S, Kautenburger T, Habermann N, Sauer J, Dietrich H, Will F, Pool-Zobel BL, Kahle K, Kraus M, Scheppach W, Richling E, Waldecker M, Kautenburger T, Daumann H, Veeriah S, Will F, Dietrich H, Pool-Zobel BL, Schrenk D, Liu J-R, Dong H-W, Chen B-Q, Zhao P, Liu R, Davis PA, Polagruto JA, Valacchi G, Phung A, Soucek K, Keen CL, Gershwin ME, Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Reunanen A, Maatela J, Avci A, Atli T, Eruder I, Varli M, Devrim E, Turgay S, Durak I, Ko S-H, Choi S-W, Ye S-K, Cho B-L, Kim H-S, Chung M-H, Maffei F, Tarozzi A, Carbone F, Marchesi A, Hrelia S, Angeloni C, Forti G, Hreliaa P, Cefarelli G, D'Abrosca B, Fiorentino A, Izzo A, Mastellone C, Pacifico S, Piscopo V, Schaefer S, Baum M, Eisenbrand G, Janzowski C, Dcord K, Teissdre P, Auger C, Cristol J-P, Rouanet J-M, Ogino Y, Osada K, Nakamura S, Ohta Y, Kanda T, Sugano M, Vidal R, Hernandez-Vallejo S, Pauquai T, Texier O, Rousset M, Chambaz J, Demignot S, Lacorte J-M, Romieu I, Varraso R, Avenel V, Leynaert B, Kauffmann F, Clavel-Chapelon F, Garcia V, Arts ICW, Sterne JAC, Thompson RL, Shaheen SO, Shaheen SO, Sterne JA, Thomson RL, Songhurt CE, Margetts BM, Burney PGJ, Okoko BJ, Burney PG, Newson RB, Potts JF, Shaheen SO, Willers SM, Devereux G, Craig L, McNeill G, Wijga A, Abou El-Magd W, Turner S, Helms P, Seaton A, Tabak C, Wijga A, deMeer G, Janssen N, Brunekreef B, Smit H, Patel BD, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Luben R, Day N, Khaw K-T, Lomas D, Wareham N, Tchantchou F, Chan A, Kifle L, Ortiz D, Shea T, Rogers EJ, Mihalik S, Ortiz D, Shea T, Viggiano A, Monda M, Turco I, Incarnato L, Vinno V, Viggiano E, Baccari M, De Luca B, Song Y, Manson J, Buring J, Sesson H, Lin S, Marks SC, Mullen W, Borges G, Crozier A, Conceio de Oliveira M, Sichieri R, Moura A, Prynne CJ, Mishra GD, O'Connell MA, Muniz G, Laskey MA, Yan L, Prentice A, Ginty F, Puel C, Quintin A, Mathey J, Obled C, Davicco M, Lebecque P, Kati-Coulibaly S, Horcajada M, Coxam V, Graziani G, D'Argenio G, Tuccillo C, Loguercio C, Ritieni A, Morisco F, Del Vecchio B, Fogliano V, Romano M. Molnr P, Kawase M, Satoh K, Sohara Y, Tanaka T, Tani S, Sakagami H, Nakashima H, Motohashi N, Gymnt N, et al. The fresh peeled apple meal included 311 g of unpeeled apple plus a protein drink and 53 g of candy; the applesauce test meal included 877.5 g of unsweetened canned applesauce and a protein drink and the control meal included just the candy (108 g) and the protein drink. Thus, apples may be potentially important in weight-related disorders. Apple also decreased the presence of ROS generated by hydrogen peroxide exposure in lymphocytes isolated from each participant at 3 and 6 h after the apple test meal. Fecal fermentation resulted in a degradation of 99.9% of the parent polyphenols except for complex structures. Studies are presented below, grouped by disease states and/or disease processes when applicable. PDF Chemical Composition, Nutritional Properties and Antioxidant Activity The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, nutritional properties and antioxidant activity of Monkey apple methanol extract. Caco-2/TC7 cells were exposed to apple extract, including a polyphenolic concentration equivalent to the consumption of 3 apples/d. The synthetic mixture of polyphenols also inhibited growth, although less effectively, and isolated components were significantly less effective than either mixture. Results expressed on dry matter basis revealed the seeds contained the following: 2.74% protein, 15.86% crude fat, 7.67% crude fiber, 468.74kcal, 82.01% moisture content, 5.72% ash, 88.98% carbohydrate. Data were based on FFQ (including interviews) of dietary intake in the 2 y prior to diagnosis. Shea et al. Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. An indirect outcome of inflammation (splenomegaly) was also reduced in the groups taking the phloridzin. It has also been proposed that dihydrochalcones, particularly phloretin-2-0-glucoside present in relatively high amounts in AP, inhibit sodium-dependent glucose transporters in the intestinal lumen, therefore potentially reducing postprandial glucose response (68, 69). Comparing anatomy, chemical composition, and water permeability of Metals, sugars, organic . Their experiments tested for the effectiveness of various fruits in inhibiting ROS-induced production of ethylene from -keto--methiolbutyric acid. To address this issue, a recent study by Veeriah et al. Alloy 28 properties / Alloy 28 chemical composition / Alloy 28 equivalent One study published by a different group in 2006 did not find an association between fruit intake (reported in a semiquantitative FFQ) and several endpoints related to diagnosed asthma in Dutch children (57). Apples | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health It was found that apple consumption increased antioxidant enzymes, including SOD and glutathione peroxidase, in erythrocytes and overall antioxidant potential in plasma. In a recent study using Caco-2 cells, it was found that an apple juice extract devoid of carbohydrates, acids, and other native compounds attenuated experimentally induced expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 and inhibited catalytic activity of the enzyme. Research has shown that biologically active components in plant-based foods, particularly phytochemicals, have important potential to modulate many processes in the development of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, pulmonary disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and other degenerative disease states. This study focused on a single concentration of one isolated compound; an expansion of work with this model using a wider range of concentrations and varied phytochemicals would be of interest. Review of 93 intervention studies. There is clearly a need for controlled clinical intervention studies using AP to further examine the potential association between AP and asthma. In spite of the similar chemical composition between some extracts, the antioxidant capacity determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity differed, suggesting that there are unknown compounds accounting for the observed antioxidant effects of AP. Apple fruit sweetness is given by the sugar content (Aprea et al., 2017), and it is considered that weather conditions, culture technology, position, and exposition of the fruits in the crown influences this content (Campeanu et al., 2009).Apple fruits present high sugar content, which varies from 9.53 to 12.3% (Campeanu et al., 2009), 7.41 . As summarized below, recent studies demonstrate the potential of AP to mitigate many metabolic processes associated with the etiology of cancer at various stages. Recent trials have added data that suggest a protective effect of AP on risk of cancer. In the living rats, drinking the apple extract in water for 10 d or 1 h prior to indomethacin-induced injury prevented macroscopic injury and partial microscopic damage by 4045% (75). Further investigation of the in vivo effects of AP as well as other sources of antioxidants relative to antioxidant status is relevant and warranted. AP may also have beneficial effects on outcomes related to Alzheimer's disease, cognitive decline of normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, and gastrointestinal protection from drug injury. After 12 wk, it was found that both apples and apple juice significantly reduced total cholesterol (11 and 24%, respectively) and lowered the ratio of total cholesterol:HDL (25 and 38%). Because cholinergic depletion is associated with impaired memory and reduced cognitive performance, and acetylcholine reduction in particular is associated with Alzheimer's disease, there is potential importance in the ability of apple juice to maintain levels of this neurotransmitter. The prevalence of pulmonary disorders, particularly asthma, has been increasing over the past several decades worldwide (50). An analysis of urinary samples collected postconsumption at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h demonstrated that the fresh and processed apple meals each decreased 3-h net acid excretion and attenuated calcium loss to a similar extent compared to the control meal (73). However, no varietal differences were observed in the chemical or microscopic analysis of cloud material. A self-administered FFQ was used to assess maternal diet at 32 wk of gestation. It was shown that in maternal groups with progressively greater apple intake ranging from 01/wk to 14/wk to >4/wk, there was a significant and linear reduction in diagnosed asthma as well as reduced reports of ever having wheezed or ever having asthma among the nearly 1200 5-y olds in the study. HT29 cells, as well as a breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 were the models in a study of the effects of extracts of 10 fruits, including apple peel (Malus domestica) (21). The addition of apples as part of an average daily caloric intake of 2401 389 kcal resulted in a significant weight loss of 1.32 kg after 10 wk. Apple juice was among 8 fresh fruit juices that exhibited an antioxidant effect within 30 min postconsumption that was sustained for up to 90 min. The upregulation of these enzymes suggests that regular apple consumption might promote a favorable milieu to reduce oxidation. I. It has been proposed that an integrated approach incorporating antioxidant capacity values from several different assays in a validated statistical model might provide a more accurate assessment of the relative antioxidant capacity of foods (46). If it's edible then it's chemicals. Even less is known about the complex interactions between isolated constituents, but it is speculated that the synergistic interactions and balance of nutrients in native AP are difficult to duplicate experimentally (27). PDF chemical composition of apples Chemical composition of apple fruit, juice and pomace and the The highest quartile of intake was > 47 g of apple/d, which approximates one-third of a medium-sized apple. Unprocessed pomace containing 61% of dietary fiber (DF) and 0.23% of polyphenols (PP) and ethanol- or ethanol/acetone-extracted pomaces containing 66% DF and 0.10% PP and 67% DF and 0.01% PP, respectively, were subjected to a 4 week study in rats. Population-based case-control study, Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and asthma, respiratory and atopic symptoms in 5-year-old children, Diet and asthma in Dutch school children (ISAAC-2), Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults, Apple juice concentrate prevents oxidative damage and impaired maze performance in aged mice, Apple juice prevents oxidative stress and impaired cognitive performance caused by genetic and dietary deficiencies in mice, Dietary supplementation with apple juice concentrate alleviates the compensatory increase in glutathione synthase transcription and activity that accompanies dietary- and genetically-induced oxidative stress, Apple juice concentrate maintains acetylcholine levels following dietary compromise, Supplementation with apple juice attenutates presenilin-1 overexpression during dietary and genetically-induced oxidative stress, Dietary supplementation with apple juice decreases endogenous amyloid-beta levels in murine brain, Folate deprivation increases presenilin expression, gamma-secretase activity and A-beta levels in murine brain: potentiation by ApoE deficiency and alleviation by dietary S-adenosyl methionine, Annurca apple-rich diet restores long-term potentiation and induces behaviorial modifications in aged rats, Associations of dietary flavonoids with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: a prospective and cross-sectional analysis, Possible role for apple juice phenolic compounds in the acute modification of glucose tolerance and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in humans, Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of cider dihyrochalcones in healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy, Weight loss associated with a daily intake of three apples or three pears among overweight women, Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general, Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: a cross-sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts, Effect of fruit on net acid and urinary calcium excretion in an acute feeding trial of women, Prevention of bone loss by phloridzin, an apple polyphenol, in ovariectomized rats under inflammation conditions, Apple phenol extracts prevent damage to human gastric epithelial cells in vitro and to rat gastric mucosa in vivo, Biological activity of carotenoids in red paprika, Valencia orange and Golden delicious apple. Dina Spector. A man made a genius ingredient label for popular fruits and revealed why the term 'chemical-free' is meaningless. Extracts of apple pulp were shown to release NO from human saliva under acidic conditions, prompting the authors to propose a possible gastroprotective role of AP in mediating and scavenging of nitrogen oxides. A group of Finnish women consuming >71 g of apple/d experienced a 43% reduction in coronary mortality compared to women who did not eat apples.
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